DOI: 10.4172/ jcrdc.2022.08.193
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Mariana Conceição*, Tito Abrantes, Sofia Campelos, João Freitas and Bruno Barbosa
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2022.8.209
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2022.8.208
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2022.8.207
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2022.8.206
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DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.230
Pulmonary fibrosis is a debilitating lung disease characterized by the progressive scarring and thickening of lung tissues, leading to impaired lung function and respiratory distress. Until recently, treatment options for pulmonary fibrosis were limited, with the focus primarily on managing symptoms and slowing disease progression. However, the medical community is now witnessing exciting advancements in the field, with a range of emerging therapies showing promise in improving the prognosis and quality of life for patients. In this article, we delve into some of the most notable emerging therapies for pulmonary fibrosis and explore their potential to revolutionize the treatment landscape.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.231
Smoking remains a significant public health concern worldwide, contributing to numerous respiratory health issues and mortality rates. However, the adoption of smoking cessation interventions has shown promising results in improving respiratory health outcomes. This article presents a systematic review aimed at assessing the effects of smoking cessation interventions on respiratory health outcomes and explores their implications for public health.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.232
Respiratory care plays a vital role in the management of critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). With the advancement of medical technology and growing understanding of respiratory physiology, there has been a continuous evolution of strategies aimed at optimizing respiratory support. This article explores the current cutting-edge strategies being employed in the ICU for enhancing respiratory care and sheds light on the promising future prospects in this field.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.233
Allergic asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness, triggered by exposure to allergens. Despite advances in pharmacological interventions, many patients with allergic asthma continue to experience symptoms and rely on long-term medication use. Immunotherapy, a therapeutic approach aimed at modifying the immune response to allergens, has emerged as a promising strategy to revolutionize allergic asthma treatment. This article explores the potential of targeted immunomodulation in allergic asthma, discussing the principles of immunotherapy, its mechanisms of action, various forms of immunotherapy, and recent advancements in this field.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.234
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a complex respiratory condition characterized by persistent airflow limitation and respiratory symptoms. It poses a significant burden on individuals, healthcare systems, and society as a whole. Over the years, there have been remarkable advancements in the management of COPD, with a focus on improving patient outcomes, reducing exacerbations and enhancing quality of life. This article provides a comprehensive review of the cutting-edge approaches and therapeutic breakthroughs that are revolutionizing the management of COPD.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.235
Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is a complex and life-threatening condition characterized by elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, leading to increased strain on the heart and impaired blood flow to the lungs. Over the years, significant progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of PH, developing advanced diagnostic strategies and exploring novel therapeutic approaches. This article aims to delve into the recent advancements in these areas, shedding light on the evolving landscape of PH management. It affects the pulmonary vasculature, causing narrowing, stiffening and remodelling of the blood vessels. This increased pressure puts strain on the right side of the heart, leading to its enlargement and eventual heart failure if left untreated.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.236
The human body is a complex ecosystem, housing trillions of microorganisms that play crucial roles in maintaining overall health. While the gut and lungs may seem unrelated, emerging research has unveiled a fascinating interplay between the two through what is known as the gutlung axis. The gut-lung axis refers to the bidirectional communication and influence between the intestinal microbiota and respiratory system. Understanding this intricate relationship offers novel insights into respiratory health and opens doors for potential therapeutic interventions. The microbial connections that shape the gut-lung axis and explore their implications for achieving optimal respiratory well-being. Recent research has shed light on the intricate relationship between the intestinal microbiota and respiratory well-being. The interplay between these two systems, often referred to as the gut-lung axis, has significant implications for respiratory health and the development of respiratory conditions. In this article, we explore the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and respiratory well-being and delve into the mechanisms through which they influence each other.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.237
Adherence to inhaler medications plays a critical role in managing respiratory conditions such as asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). However, studies consistently show that patient adherence to inhaler regimens remains suboptimal, leading to decreased treatment effectiveness and increased healthcare costs. To address this issue, healthcare providers and researchers have developed evidencebased strategies and interventions aimed at optimizing patient adherence. This article explores some of the effective strategies and interventions that can help improve patient adherence to inhaler medications. One of the foundational approaches to enhancing adherence is providing patients with comprehensive education about their respiratory condition, the purpose of inhaler medications and proper inhaler technique.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.238
Respiratory infections are a common concern among children, particularly in the pediatric population. These infections can range from mild illnesses like the common cold to more severe conditions such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis. Understanding the current trends in pediatric respiratory infections and implementing effective strategies for prevention and treatment is crucial for ensuring the health and well-being of children. Pediatric respiratory infections refer to infections that primarily affect the respiratory system in children. These infections can occur in various parts of the respiratory tract, including the nose, throat, sinuses, airways and lungs. They are a common cause of illness in children and can range from mild to severe, depending on the specific infection and the child's immune system.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.239
Thoracic oncology, encompassing lung cancer and other malignancies of the thoracic region, is a significant global health concern. Despite advancements in early detection and treatment options, thoracic cancers remain a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. However, the advent of precision medicine has revolutionized the field, offering new hope for patients through targeted therapies and personalized treatment strategies. In this article, we will explore the impact of precision medicine on thoracic oncology and delve into the latest developments in targeted therapies and individualized treatment approaches. This includes primarily lung cancer, but also other malignancies such as thymic tumors, esophageal cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.240
Asthma is a complex and heterogeneous respiratory condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Traditionally, asthma treatment has followed a one-size-fits-all approach, with standardized medications and management plans. However, advancements in precision medicine have paved the way for personalized approaches to asthma treatment, allowing for targeted therapies based on individual characteristics. This article explores the concept of refining asthma treatment through personalized precision medicine strategies, highlighting the potential benefits and advancements in this field. By tailoring therapies to individual patients based on their unique characteristics, precision medicine offers the potential for more effective and targeted interventions.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.241
Respiratory diseases, such as asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and pulmonary fibrosis, affect millions of people worldwide, presenting significant challenges for patients and healthcare providers alike. These conditions often require ongoing management, regular monitoring and timely intervention to prevent exacerbations and improve overall quality of life. Fortunately, the advancement of telemedicine has opened up new avenues for revolutionizing respiratory care, offering innovative solutions for enhanced disease management. This article explores the potential of telemedicine in transforming respiratory care, providing remote access to healthcare professionals, personalized monitoring and timely interventions. Respiratory diseases pose significant challenges for both patients and healthcare systems worldwide.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.242
Pulmonary Embolism (PE) is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the blockage of one or more pulmonary arteries by blood clots. It is a major global health concern, affecting millions of people each year and resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. However, recent breakthroughs in diagnosis and treatment strategies have revolutionized the management of pulmonary embolism, offering new hope and improved outcomes for patients. The condition occurs when a Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) forms in the deep veins of the legs or pelvis and then breaks loose, traveling through the bloodstream and lodging in the pulmonary arteries. This can lead to various complications, including damage to lung tissue, increased strain on the heart, and even death if not promptly diagnosed and treated.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.243
Sleep-Disordered Breathing (SDB) is a complex and multifaceted medical condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It encompasses a range of disorders, including snoring, Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) and Central Sleep Apnea (CSA), all of which disrupt the normal breathing patterns during sleep. Despite its prevalence and potential health consequences, sleep-disordered breathing remains a puzzling enigma in the medical field. This article aims to shed light on the mechanisms, clinical consequences and treatment strategies associated with this intriguing condition. The clinical impact of SDB and explores emerging treatment approaches that offer innovative solutions to mitigate its consequences. The recurrent episodes of disrupted breathing lead to fragmented sleep, daytime sleepiness and cognitive impairment. The cumulative effect of sleep deprivation can significantly impact quality of life, mood and productivity. Moreover, SDB has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, arrhythmias, stroke and heart failure. Addressing the clinical impact of SDB is crucial for improving patients quality of life and reducing the burden on healthcare systems.
Abdullah Ibn Abul Fazal*, Kaniz Fatema, Md Waliul Islam, Suraiya Salek and Md Golam Kibria
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.244
Background: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is a surgical procedure to restore normal blood flow to the heart by bypassing obstructed coronary arteries. The goal of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is to bypass clogged coronary arteries and return normal blood flow to the heart. Incentive Spirometry is used frequently as a component of postoperative pulmonary management and rehabilitation purpose. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of Incentive Spirometry by reviewing of the article. Five articles were reviewed in order to fulfil the purpose of this study. With a PEDro score ranging from 5 to 7, randomized controlled trial was used. Studies compared or combined with Incentive spirometry, DBE, ACBT, expiratory positive airway pressure and conventional physiotherapy. From the review it is found out that Incentive spirometry improved arterial oxygenation, functional capacity, oxygen saturation, inspiratory muscle strength and prevention of atelectasis among patients undergone Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Therefore, it is convenient to conclude from the overall review that Incentive Spirometry (IS) is not superior to other conventional physiotherapy techniques, but when used in combination, it can be used as the most effective treatment technique for patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass grafting.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.245
Lung cancer remains one of the most prevalent and deadly forms of cancer worldwide. The key to improving patient outcomes lies in early detection and accurate prognosis. Recent advancements in the field of biomarkers have brought forth a promising era in lung cancer research. These breakthrough biomarkers offer a glimmer of hope, enabling precise early detection and prognosis, ultimately leading to improved patient management and survival rates. Lung cancer continues to be a major global health concern, accounting for a significant number of cancer-related deaths. Early detection and accurate prognosis play pivotal roles in improving patient outcomes and survival rates. In recent years, the field of lung cancer research has witnessed remarkable advancements in the discovery of novel biomarkers. These emerging biomarkers hold immense promise in facilitating early diagnosis and providing valuable prognostic information, revolutionizing the management of lung cancer patients.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.246
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) is a condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain, leading to a triad of symptoms including gait disturbance, urinary incontinence and cognitive decline. NPH affects primarily elderly individuals and it is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed due to the overlap of symptoms with other age-related conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, or vascular dementia. Imaging plays a critical role in the diagnosis and management of NPH and a variety of imaging markers have been proposed to aid in the differential diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. In this article, we will review the most commonly used imaging markers for NPH, including Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.247
Ionospheres have been used to control coccidiosis in poultry for a long time. However, toxicity with significant clinical symptoms can result from misuse of ionospheres. Administration dose, species and animal age are the most important determinants of gonophores toxicity. Although clinical symptoms of ionosphere intoxication have been extensively studied, the molecular toxicity mechanisms of gonophores remain poorly understood. The clinical and molecular toxicity mechanisms of polyether gonophores in animals studied in this review are summarized. Ionosphere toxicity is most likely to affect myocardial and skeletal muscle cells, according to studies. The deregulation of ion concentration, which inhibits oxidative phosphorylation, may provide an explanation for the oxidation’s molecular mechanism. The synergistic effect of tiamulin on ionosphere biotransformation and the interaction between tiamulin and ionosphere are discussed. In addition, gonophores have recently been considered for repurposing as antibacterial and cancer drugs. Ionospheres are molecules that dissolve in lipids and carry particular cataions across biological membranes.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.248
Evaluation of the clinical and epidemiologic literature is an important step in determining the effectiveness of medical treatments and interventions, as well as in understanding the risk factors for diseases and health outcomes. It involves critical analysis of the quality and validity of studies, as well as the strength of the evidence presented. One of the first steps in evaluating clinical and epidemiologic studies is to determine the study design. Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for assessing the efficacy of medical treatments, as they involve random assignment of participants to treatment or control groups. Observational studies, on the other hand, do not involve random assignment and are used to explore associations between risk factors and health outcomes. These studies include cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.249
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that play a crucial role in the immune system's functioning. They are distributed throughout the body and are interconnected by lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes are responsible for filtering and removing waste products, toxins and harmful microorganisms from the body. However, they also have another important function, namely to identify and fight cancer cells that have metastasized from a primary tumour site. Cancer metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells from the original tumour site to other parts of the body. This occurs through a process called lymphatic dissemination, where cancer cells enter the lymphatic vessels and travel to nearby lymph nodes. Once the cancer cells reach the lymph nodes, they can grow and form new tumours, leading to further spread of cancer throughout the body. Lymph nodes are particularly vulnerable to cancer metastasis because they act as filters for the lymphatic system. They are also well-connected to the circulatory system, which makes it easy for cancer cells to move from one lymph node to another and eventually spread throughout the body. The presence of cancer cells in the lymph nodes is an indication that the cancer has started to spread beyond the primary tumour site and that the disease has progressed to an advanced stage.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.250
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers, with a five-year survival rate of less than 10%. Despite advances in the treatment of other cancers, pancreatic cancer remains a difficult disease to treat due to its aggressive nature and late diagnosis. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the role of epigenetics in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. Epigenetics refers to modifications of DNA and histones that regulate gene expression without altering the underlying genetic code. Alterations in epigenetic regulators can lead to aberrant gene expression, resulting in the development and progression of cancer. In pancreatic cancer, several epigenetic regulators have been found to be deregulated, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.251
Among the new therapeutic approaches based on medicinal plants and their extracts, the application of essential oils is getting more and more attention. The spread of drug-resistant clinical isolates has increased as a result of the widespread use of synthetic and semi-synthetic antimicrobials. As a result, natural products like essential oils are being studied as potential antimicrobial resources. We compared the effects of common antimicrobials and essential oils on the microbicidal activity of human phagocytes in the context of a potential infection. These essential oils show antifungal drug-like. The data from the literature on the interactions between essential oils and the immune system are compared to our findings. This comparison would help fill in any remaining knowledge gaps regarding the bioactivity of essential oils and assist in the identification of therapeutic solutions to the antibiotic resistance that is becoming increasingly prevalent. There has been a significant rise in clinical interest in natural medicine over the past thirty years, with a focus on the widespread use of plant products in microbiology. The emergence of newer diseases and the rise in microorganism resistance to antimicrobials necessitate the urgent development of new, more potent medications.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.252
Lithium is still the first choice for bipolar disorder prophylaxis, preventing manic and depressive episodes from returning. The longitudinal effects of administering lithium far outweigh those of other mood stabilizers. The kidney, gastrointestinal, neurological, thyroid, metabolic, cognitive, dermatological, cardiovascular and sexual side effects of lithium is all listed. Interstitial nephropathy is probably the most serious side effect of lithium, usually seen after 10 to 20 years of use. Long-term lithium therapy also has beneficial side effects, such as anti-suicidal, antiviral and anti-dementia effects. Long-term lithium treatment may be affected by pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics interactions, mostly with other drugs. The narrative review of lithium-induced side effects and interactions that may affect its prophylactic effect in bipolar disorder is updated in this paper. They are described, along with their mechanisms and management strategies. They also share their own observations regarding the ultra-long lithium treatment of bipolar disorder patients. The review may assist psychiatrists in providing bipolar patients with a successful lithium prophylaxis.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.253
Lung cancer conventional treatment options need to be improved. The premise of immunotherapy is that therapeutic drugs stimulate the immune system to destroy tumor cells. Immunotherapy includes medications that target immune checkpoints. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are specific antibodies that target immune checkpoints. In this section, we investigate novel checkpoints that may be targeted in the future as well as the agents that target these checkpoints. Immune checkpoints are one-of-a-kind components of the body's defense mechanism that keep the body safe from immune responses strong enough to harm healthy cells. Immune checkpoints are triggered when proteins on the surface of T cells recognize and bind to proteins on other tumor cells. Immunological checkpoints are the names given to these proteins. When the checkpoints interact with companion proteins, they send an signal to the T cells. This might prevent the immune system of the host from getting rid of cancer cells. Drugs that target immune checkpoints, particularly programmed cell death protein 1, have revolutionized the standard treatment plan for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Due to their potential to treat SCLC, these medications are now being expanded. On the other hand, it is acknowledged that these medications have particular side effects related to the immune system.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.254
About half of all cancers in humans have mutations in the tumor suppressor p53 (p53), most of which are missense mutations. Not only do p53 mutations impair its ability to suppress drugs, but they also give the missense mutant p53 (mutp53) oncogenic properties that are distinct from those of the wild-type p53. Restoring or stabilizing wtp53 conformation from mutp53, rescuing p53 nonsense mutations, depleting mutp53 proteins and inducing p53 synthetic lethality or targeting vulnerabilities imposed by p53 deficiencies (activated retrotransposons) or mutations (enhanced YAP/TAZ) are some of the approaches that have been taken to develop novel cancer therapies because p53 mutations are specific to cancer. The mechanisms of action and activities of FDA-approved and clinically available drugs that target p53 mutations to stop the progression of cancer are summarized here Cancer spread is aided by mutations in the tumor suppressor p53 (p53).
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.255
Every breath we take is a fundamental part of life, but for those who struggle with respiratory conditions, even the simplest act of breathing can become a daunting challenge. Pulmonary rehabilitation is a comprehensive program designed to empower individuals with lung diseases to regain control over their breath, improve their quality of life and lead more fulfilling lives. In this article, we will explore the key aspects of pulmonary rehabilitation, its benefits and how it plays a crucial role in helping patients breathe easier. Breathing is an essential and often taken-for-granted aspect of life. However, for those battling respiratory conditions, each breath can be a challenge. Pulmonary rehabilitation is a comprehensive program designed to empower patients to reclaim control over their breath, enhance their quality of life and regain their independence. In this article, we will delve into the world of pulmonary rehabilitation, exploring its vital role in helping patients breathe freely and live life to the fullest.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.256
The air we breathe is essential for life, yet its quality can vary dramatically from place to place and time to time. In recent years, air pollution has emerged as a pressing global issue, posing significant risks to human health, particularly respiratory health. While the link between air pollution and respiratory problems has long been recognized, recent research has shed new light on the intricate mechanisms and long-term consequences of exposure to pollutants. The human respiratory system, an intricate network of organs and tissues, is the frontline defender of our bodies against the constant assault of airborne pollutants. It serves as a vital gateway for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal, ensuring our survival. However, in the face of increasing air pollution, this essential system finds itself under siege.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.257
Pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating lung disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide. It is characterized by the scarring and stiffening of lung tissue, which progressively impairs a person's ability to breathe. Until recently, treatment options for pulmonary fibrosis have been limited, offering little more than palliative care. However, the landscape of pulmonary fibrosis research is evolving rapidly, providing new hope for patients and their families. Before delving into the latest advancements in pulmonary fibrosis research, it is essential to understand the disease itself. Pulmonary fibrosis is a complex condition with several potential causes, including exposure to environmental toxins, genetics, autoimmune disorders and viral infections. Regardless of the initial trigger, the end result is the same: the excessive buildup of scar tissue (fibrosis) in the lungs, which hampers their ability to function properly.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.258
Lung cancer remains a global health challenge, accounting for more deaths than any other cancer worldwide. The importance of early detection and treatment cannot be overstated, as it significantly improves patient outcomes. Over the years, researchers and medical professionals have been working tirelessly to revolutionize lung cancer care. This article explores the ground-breaking advances in early detection and treatment that are reshaping the landscape of lung cancer care. Lung cancer research is a critical field of study aimed at understanding the causes, risk factors, early detection methods and innovative treatment options for one of the deadliest forms of cancer worldwide. This research is instrumental in improving the lives of those affected by lung cancer and reducing its devastating impact.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.259
The human respiratory system is a marvel of biological engineering, allowing us to breathe effortlessly and efficiently. However, lung diseases and disorders can significantly compromise our ability to breathe, leading to serious health issues and even death. While medical advancements have made remarkable strides in treating respiratory conditions, there remains a significant unmet need for effective therapies. Stem cell research and lung regeneration have emerged as a promising frontier in respiratory medicine, offering hope for patients with debilitating lung diseases. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the unique ability to transform into various specialized cell types. They serve as the body's natural repair and regeneration system, replenishing damaged or aging cells in different tissues and organs. In the context of lung regeneration, researchers focus on two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.260
In an era where health-consciousness and well-being have become paramount, the dangers of smoking are no secret. Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths worldwide, contributing to a range of health issues, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer and respiratory problems. Among these respiratory problems, bronchial asthma stands out as a condition that is closely intertwined with smoking. Bronchial asthma, often referred to simply as asthma, is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways. This narrowing makes it difficult for individuals with asthma to breathe, leading to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness. Asthma can range from mild to severe and is often triggered by various factors, including allergies, respiratory infections and exposure to irritants.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.261
Bronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath and chest tightness. While various factors can contribute to the development of asthma, allergies play a significant role as both triggers and contributors to the condition. Asthma is a multifactorial disease and allergic sensitization is one of its most well-established risk factors. Allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to usually harmless substances, such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or certain foods. This hypersensitivity can lead to a cascade of events within the respiratory system, ultimately resulting in asthma symptoms. Central to the allergic asthma response are inflammation and bronchoconstriction, two interconnected processes that have a profound impact on the airways.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.262
Respiratory diseases have long been a global health concern, affecting millions of people worldwide and accounting for a significant burden on healthcare systems. These conditions, which encompass a wide range of disorders such as asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, and interstitial lung diseases, can severely impact an individual's quality of life. While environmental factors like pollution and smoking have long been recognized as contributors to respiratory diseases, recent research has shed light on the pivotal role that genetics plays in their development and progression. In this article, we will explore the latest insights into the role of genetics in respiratory diseases, highlighting how this knowledge is advancing our understanding and treatment of these conditions.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.263
Lung health is a crucial aspect of overall well-being, as our respiratory system plays a vital role in supplying oxygen to the body. Monitoring lung function is essential, especially for individuals with respiratory conditions like asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), or those at risk of lung-related problems. One valuable tool in assessing lung function is Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR). Peak expiratory flow rate is a measure of how fast a person can exhale air from their lungs. It quantifies the maximum speed at which an individual can breathe out forcefully after taking a deep breath in. PEFR is expressed in liters per minute (L/min) and is a fundamental tool in assessing and monitoring lung function. PEFR is a simple and non-invasive test that measures the maximum speed at which a person can forcefully exhale air from their lungs. PEFR is often used to monitor respiratory conditions like asthma and COPD, as well as to assess response to treatment and identify potential triggers or exacerbations.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.264
Respiratory infections have been a persistent threat to human health throughout history. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of vaccines in controlling the spread of respiratory infections. Vaccines have long been a cornerstone of public health efforts to combat diseases and research in this field continues to evolve. Respiratory infections, which encompass a broad spectrum of illnesses affecting the upper and lower respiratory tract, have been a significant public health concern throughout history. These infections can be caused by various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and fungi and they often lead to symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, congestion and, in severe cases, pneumonia. Vaccines play a crucial role in preventing and mitigating the impact of respiratory infections and here, we will explore their vital role in controlling these diseases.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.265
The respiratory system is a vital component of the human body, responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, ensuring the proper functioning of our organs and tissues. Unfortunately, various respiratory conditions can compromise this essential process, leading to difficulties in breathing and diminished overall health. Respiratory medications play a crucial role in managing these conditions, providing relief and improving the quality of life for millions of individuals. The respiratory system, a complex network of organs and tissues, plays a pivotal role in sustaining life by ensuring the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. However, various respiratory conditions can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. Respiratory medications, a diverse array of pharmaceutical agents, serve as indispensable tools in managing these conditions, offering relief and improving the overall quality of life for individuals affected by respiratory disorders.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.266
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Managing asthma effectively requires a proactive approach and one valuable tool in this endeavor is the Asthma Control Test (ACT). ACT is a simple and effective self-assessment tool that aids individuals and healthcare professionals in gauging the level of asthma control. The Asthma Control Test is a validated and widely used tool designed to assess the degree of asthma control in individuals aged 12 years and older. Developed by leading experts in asthma research, the ACT is a selfadministered questionnaire that evaluates the impact of asthma symptoms on daily life and helps individuals and healthcare providers determine the effectiveness of asthma management strategies.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.267
Smoking is a global health concern that affects millions of individuals, contributing to a myriad of diseases and premature deaths each year. The decision to quit smoking is one of the most impactful choices one can make for their health and well-being. Smoking cessation, the process of quitting smoking, is challenging but highly rewarding. Smoking is a habit that has persisted for centuries, ingrained in social rituals, stress relief and personal routines. However, as awareness of its detrimental health effects has grown, so has the global movement towards smoking cessation. Quitting smoking is a challenging but rewarding journey, with numerous physical and mental health benefits awaiting those who successfully kick the habit.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.268
Bronchoscopy is a vital diagnostic and therapeutic tool in the field of respiratory medicine, allowing clinicians to directly visualize and assess the airways. This minimally invasive procedure has revolutionized the diagnosis and management of various respiratory diseases, providing valuable insights into the complex anatomy of the respiratory system. Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a flexible or rigid tube, known as a bronchoscope, through the nose or mouth, down the trachea and into the bronchial tree. The bronchoscope is equipped with a light source and a camera, allowing for direct visualization of the airways. There are two main types of bronchoscopy: flexible bronchoscopy, which uses a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope and rigid bronchoscopy, which involves a rigid metal tube.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.269
Respiratory health is a crucial aspect of overall well-being and allergies can significantly impact the respiratory system, leading to a range of symptoms and complications. Allergies are the body's immune system response to substances it perceives as harmful, triggering a cascade of reactions that can affect various organs, including the respiratory system. Respiratory health is a fundamental aspect of overall well-being and allergies can significantly influence the functioning of the respiratory system. Allergies occur when the immune system reacts abnormally to substances that are usually harmless, triggering a cascade of responses that can impact various organs, with the respiratory system being a common target. In this exploration of the relationship between allergies and respiratory health, we will delve into the mechanisms of allergic reactions, the range of respiratory conditions associated with allergies and effective strategies for maintaining respiratory well-being.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.270
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that affects millions of people worldwide, leading to inflammation and narrowing of the airways, resulting in symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and coughing. While there is no cure for asthma, there are numerous preventive measures that individuals can take to manage and reduce the frequency and severity of asthma attacks. Understanding and avoiding asthma triggers is fundamental to prevention. Common triggers include allergens such as dust mites, pollen, mold, pet dander and irritants like tobacco smoke, air pollution and strong odors. By identifying and minimizing exposure to these triggers, individuals can significantly reduce the risk of asthma attacks. Regular cleaning, proper ventilation and using air purifiers are effective ways to create an asthma-friendly environment.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.271
Respiratory therapy plays a crucial role in the field of healthcare, focusing on the prevention, assessment, treatment and management of patients with breathing and cardiopulmonary disorders. Respiratory therapists are skilled healthcare professionals who work collaboratively with physicians, nurses and other healthcare providers to ensure optimal respiratory function in patients of all ages. This article explores the significance of respiratory therapy and the diverse range of services it encompasses. Respiratory therapists are trained to assess patients with breathing difficulties, chronic respiratory conditions and cardiovascular disorders. They conduct various diagnostic tests, such as pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gas analysis and sleep studies, to evaluate the efficiency of the respiratory system.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.272
Tuberculosis (TB) and Cystic Fibrosis (CF) are two distinct yet significant respiratory conditions that affect millions of people worldwide. While they differ in their origins, symptoms and treatments, the intersection of TB and CF poses unique challenges for individuals who face both conditions simultaneously. Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a pathogen that primarily affects the lungs but can potentially target other organs in the body. TB has been a significant public health concern for centuries and continues to impact millions of people worldwide. To better understand this infectious disease, let's delve into its causes, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Cystic Fibrosis, on the other hand, is a genetic disorder characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus that clogs the airways and various organs, particularly the lungs and pancreas. The defective gene responsible for CF affects the body's ability to regulate salt and water, leading to the accumulation of thick mucus. Symptoms include chronic cough, difficulty breathing, frequent lung infections and poor growth.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.273
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) are a group of diagnostic procedures that evaluate the function of the respiratory system, providing valuable insights into lung health. These tests are crucial in diagnosing and monitoring various respiratory conditions, helping healthcare professionals tailor treatment plans and improve patient outcomes. Pulmonary Function Tests are a cornerstone in the diagnosis and management of respiratory disorders. While each test provides specific information, their collective results, along with clinical history and examination, offer a comprehensive view of lung function. Interpreting PFTs requires expertise, typically from respiratory therapists or pulmonologists, ensuring accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment plans for individuals with respiratory conditions.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2023.9.274
Sleep apnea is a common yet potentially serious sleep disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Characterized by interruptions in breathing during sleep, this condition can have significant impacts on overall health and well-being. Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by repeated pauses in breathing during sleep. These interruptions, known as apneas, can last for a few seconds to minutes and may occur dozens of times per hour. The three main types of sleep apnea are Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), Central Sleep Apnea (CSA) and complex/mixed sleep apnea. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is the most common form, accounting for approximately 84% of all sleep apnea cases. It occurs when the muscles at the back of the throat relax excessively, leading to a partial or complete blockage of the airway. Central Sleep Apnea (CSA) is less common and results from a failure of the brain to send appropriate signals to the muscles that control breathing.
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe condition characterized by widespread inflammation in the lungs, leading to respiratory failure. Management of ARDS often involves a combination of medications to address various aspects of the condition, including inflammation, fluid balance and oxygenation. However, the complexity of medication regimens in ARDS patients can increase the risk of drug interactions, which may impact treatment efficacy and patient outcomes. This article provides a comprehensive review of medication-drug interactions in ARDS patients, focusing on commonly used medications and their potential interactions.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a multifaceted challenge to healthcare systems worldwide. Beyond the respiratory symptoms commonly associated with the disease, emerging evidence suggests a significant association between COVID-19 and venous thromboembolism. While much attention has been directed towards severe cases requiring intensive care, understanding the risk of VTE in patients receiving treatment outside of intensive care units is crucial. This article aims to explore the prevalence, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic strategies and management of VTE in COVID-19 patients treated in non-ICU settings. Venous thromboembolism remains a significant concern in COVID-19 patients receiving treatment in non-ICU settings. Healthcare providers should maintain a high index of suspicion for VTE, especially in high-risk individuals and implement appropriate thromboprophylaxis and surveillance measures to mitigate the risk of thrombotic events. Further research is warranted to refine risk stratification algorithms and optimize VTE prevention strategies in this patient population.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a unique challenge to global public health, with a significant proportion of individuals experiencing prolonged symptoms even after the acute phase of the illness. This extended COVID-19 syndrome, often referred to as "long COVID," encompasses a range of persistent symptoms affecting multiple organ systems. Understanding the factors contributing to susceptibility to this condition is crucial for effective management and treatment. This article explores the role of predictive factors and polymorphisms of the ACE-2 gene in determining susceptibility to extended COVID-19 syndrome. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the wide spectrum of disease severity and the emergence of extended COVID-19 syndrome, characterized by persistent symptoms beyond the acute phase of infection. Understanding the host factors influencing susceptibility to prolonged illness is crucial for patient management and risk stratification. This review synthesizes current literature on predictive factors and polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 genes in the susceptibility to extended COVID-19 syndrome. Relevant articles published up to January 2024 were included, focusing on studies investigating genetic variants of ACE-2, their association with disease outcomes and predictive factors for prolonged illness.
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The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has posed unprecedented challenges to global public health. While the majority of COVID-19 cases exhibit mild symptoms, a subset of patients develops severe respiratory distress, multi-organ failure and even death. Identifying biomarkers associated with disease severity is crucial for prognosis and developing targeted therapies. Recent research suggests that elevated levels of Galectin-3 may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19. Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation, fibrosis and immune regulation. It is expressed by various immune cells, endothelial cells and epithelial cells and its dysregulation has been implicated in numerous diseases, including cancer, heart failure and inflammatory disorders. Severe COVID-19 presents with diverse clinical manifestations, including acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan dysfunction. Identifying reliable biomarkers and therapeutic targets is critical for improving patient outcomes.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) stands as a significant global health challenge, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Characterized by progressive airflow limitation and persistent respiratory symptoms, COPD encompasses chronic bronchitis, emphysema and refractory asthma. Despite being largely preventable and treatable, COPD remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. However, recent advancements in research have shed light on various aspects of COPD, from its underlying mechanisms to innovative management strategies, offering hope for improved outcomes and enhanced quality of life for those affected by this debilitating condition. The primary risk factor for COPD is tobacco smoking, although other factors such as environmental pollutants, genetic predisposition and respiratory infections also contribute to disease development. Prolonged exposure to air pollution, occupational dusts and chemicals and indoor biomass fuel use are significant risk factors, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2024.10.297
Lung health is a critical aspect of overall well-being, profoundly influenced by various environmental factors. Epidemiological studies have long sought to understand the complex interplay between these factors and respiratory diseases. This delves into the key environmental determinants of lung health, drawing insights from numerous epidemiological studies to highlight the importance of addressing environmental hazards to mitigate respiratory ailments. Environmental factors play a pivotal role in determining lung health, with substantial evidence from epidemiological studies highlighting the impact of air pollution, tobacco smoke, occupational hazards, indoor air quality and climate change. Addressing these environmental determinants through comprehensive policies, public health interventions and global cooperation is essential to improve respiratory health outcomes and safeguard populations worldwide.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2024.10.298
Precision medicine, also known as personalized medicine, is revolutionizing the treatment of respiratory diseases by tailoring medical care to the individual characteristics of each patient. This approach leverages genetic research to identify specific biomarkers and genetic variations that influence the development, progression and response to treatment of respiratory conditions. The ultimate goal is to enhance treatment efficacy, reduce adverse effects and improve patient outcomes. Precision medicine relies on a comprehensive understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of diseases. In respiratory diseases, such as asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis and lung cancer, genetic research has uncovered critical insights into how these conditions manifest and respond to various treatments. The foundation of precision medicine lies in its ability to tailor medical care to the unique genetic and molecular profile of each patient. This personalized approach stands in contrast to the traditional one-size-fits-all model of healthcare, which often fails to account for individual variability in disease manifestation and treatment response.
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The landscape of respiratory therapy is poised for a revolutionary transformation, driven by cutting-edge research and development. As respiratory diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and pulmonary fibrosis continue to pose significant health challenges globally, the quest for more effective, efficient and patient-friendly treatments has never been more urgent. Emerging technologies and novel therapeutic strategies promise to reshape how respiratory conditions are diagnosed, treated and managed. Respiratory therapies encompass a wide range of treatments and interventions aimed at managing and improving respiratory function in individuals with various lung conditions. From conventional methods like inhalation therapy to cutting-edge techniques such as gene therapy, respiratory therapies play a vital role in alleviating symptoms, preventing disease progression and enhancing overall quality of life.
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