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6740 Immuno Modulators | Open Access Journals
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Accounting & Marketing

ISSN: 2168-9601

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6740 Immuno Modulators

Immunomodulators are medications used to help regulate or normalize the immune system. Examples include one class of immunomodulator which is used as an add-on therapy to treat asthma and another which treats hereditary angioedema.

Immunology is one of the most rapidly developing areas of medical biotechnology research and has great promises with regard to the prevention and treatment of a wide range of disorders such as the inflammatory diseases of skin, gut, respiratory tract, joints and central organs. In addition, infectious diseases are now primarily considered immunological disorders, while neoplastic diseases and organ transplantation and several autoimmune diseases are involved in an immunosuppressive state. Immunomodulators are natural or synthetic substances that help regulate or normalize the immune system. Immunomodulators correct immune systems that are out of balance. Natural immunomodulators are less potent than prescription immunomodulators and also less likely to cause side effects. Prescription synthetic immunomodulator medications, such as azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, and mycophenolate mofetil, work by suppressing the immune system and decreasing inflammation in the digestive tract in people with inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. The benefits of immunomodulators stem from their ability to stimulate natural and adaptive defense mechanisms, such as cytokines, which enables the body to help itself. There are two types of immunomodulators: immunosuppressants and immunostimulants. Immunosuppressants are the agents which suppress the immune system and are used for the control of pathological immune response in autoimmune disease, graft rejection etc. Immunostimulants are the agents which are envisaged to enhance body's resistance against infections; they enhance the basal levels of immune response, and in individuals with impairment of immune response as immunotherapeutic agent. A number of disorders such as immunodeficiency state, autoimmune disease, cancer and viral infection can be treated with immunostimulants drugs. Immunomodulators are becoming a viable adjunct to established modalities offering a novel approach for the treatment of infectious disease in the coming decades of 21st century

Immunology is one of the most rapidly developing area of medical biotechnology research and has great promises with regard to the prevention and treatment of a wide range of disorders such as the inflammatory diseases of skin, gut, respiratory tract, joints and central organs. In addition infectious diseases are now primarily considered immunological disorders while neoplastic diseases, organ transplantation and several autoimmune diseases may involve in an immunosuppressive state 1. The immune system is one of our most complex biological systems in the body. The basic role of the immune system is to distinguish self from non-self 2. This non-self could be an infectious organism, a transplanted organ or an endogenous cell that can be mistaken as a foreign. The immune responses of the human body against any non-self are of two types: (a) innate (or natural or non-specific) and (b) adaptive (or acquired or specific) 3. Both these responses have two components each, viz. cellular and humoral. Innate immunity lacks specificity as there is no involvement of memory cells. Acquired immunity on other hand is specifically adapted for the inducing pathogens and response improves with subsequent exposures to the same pathogen due to the presence of memory cell line. In the innate cellular immunity there is involvement of monocytesmacrophage system, while in innate humoral immunity there is activation of component system. On the other hand the cellular component of acquired immunity consists of T-lymphocytes while the humoral component of this immunity involves the role of Blymphocytes. Normally in innate and acquired immune responses act in concerted manner to contain or eradicate infection. In some cases innate responses are enough to neutralise the offending agent. However in many other cases, certain cells of innate immune system, such as antigen presenting cells (APC), can also process the offending agent into smaller fragments which then activate adaptive immune system to neutralise or kill these pathogens. The elements formed in the blood are erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC) and thrombocytes (platelets). The leukocytes are of two types: granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) and agranulocytes (T-lymphocytes, Blymphocytes and monocytes). The process by which blood cells are formed is called haemopoiesis. All such cells are involved in exerting immune response develops from pluripotent

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