DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2023.14.455
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2023.14.453
Groundwater refers to the water that is found beneath the Earth's surface. It is stored in the soil, rocks, and in the gaps between them. It is one of the most important natural resources on Earth as it provides drinking water, irrigation water, and supports many ecosystems. Groundwater is formed through a process called infiltration. When it rains, the water falls onto the ground and either evaporates back into the atmosphere or is absorbed into the soil. Some of this water percolates down through the soil and rocks until it reaches the water table, which is the level below which the soil and rocks are completely saturated with water.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2023.14.455
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DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2023.14.454
Urban hydrology refers to the study of water and its movement in urban areas. It encompasses a range of physical and environmental factors, such as rainfall patterns, land use, drainage systems, and water quality. Understanding urban hydrology is essential for managing water resources, controlling flooding, and protecting human health and the environment. Urbanization has a significant impact on the hydrological cycle, leading to changes in the way water flows through urban landscapes. Impervious surfaces such as roads, sidewalks, and buildings, cover large portions of urban areas, preventing rainwater from infiltrating the soil. As a result, the amount of surface runoff increases, leading to higher peak flows, increased erosion, and higher rates of water pollution.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2025.16.556
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Arid and semi-arid regions face critical challenges in managing water resources due to limited availability and high variability. Climate change, population growth and increased demand exacerbate these issues. This research article explores strategies for developing resilient water resource management in these regions, focusing on sustainable practices, technological innovations, policy frameworks and community engagement.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2024.15.519
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2024.15.520
Land use changes have profound impacts on watershed hydrology, influencing both the quantity and quality of water resources. This paper examines the effects of land use changes on watershed hydrology and reviews recent advancements in remote sensing techniques for monitoring hydrological extremes. Through a comparative analysis, we highlight how these techniques improve our understanding of hydrological processes and contribute to more effective water resource management. We provide case studies to illustrate the practical applications and benefits of these advancements.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2024.15.521
Flood risk prediction is a critical aspect of managing water resources and ensuring public safety. Advances in hydrological modeling have significantly enhanced our ability to predict and mitigate flood risk. This article reviews recent innovations in hydrological modeling techniques, including the integration of remote sensing data, machine learning algorithms and real-time monitoring systems. It examines how these innovations improve the accuracy of flood predictions, facilitates better flood risk management and explores future directions in hydrological modeling research.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2024.15.522
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2024.15.523
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2024.15.524
Snowpack plays a crucial role in seasonal water supply, serving as a vital component of the hydrological cycle. The dynamics of snow accumulation and melt significantly influence water availability in many regions, particularly those dependent on snowmelt for their water resources. This article examines the role of snowpack dynamics in seasonal water supply, reviewing the processes governing snow accumulation and melt, the impact of climate change on snowpack and the implications for water resource management. By integrating recent research and case studies, this paper highlights the importance of understanding snowpack dynamics for predicting and managing seasonal water variability.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2024.15.525
Badr Layan*, Mahmoud Zemzami and Brahim Bougdira
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2024.15.506
Forecasting flood hazards is essential for locating vulnerable places, measuring flood effects, anticipating possible damages, and investigating mitigation options. Attempting to anticipate flood dynamics at various return periods, this work employed the river simulation model over the highly populated section of the Jaouna Wadi (River) in Taza city. The model's inputs included future floods calculated utilizing a rational method, physical variables approximated using standardized tables (Manning coefficient), and other inputs directly measured in the field. The stability of the model demonstrated that its parameters had been precisely assessed. The outputs were compared to the observed floods during the calibration phase, and any necessary corrections were performed to guarantee that the model reproduced results within a reasonable range. Our findings revealed that the covered channel was insufficient for evacuating water during decadal floods. Aside from this section, the 10-year floods flowed through the opened channel without spilling over its banks. The 100-year floods ran over the channel's banks, spreading large amounts of water to inhabited zones and cultivated fields. These results were in accordance with recent floods and also supported evidence from previous observations, indicating the accuracy of the prediction of the Wadi’s behavior. The study signifies that the model is a powerful tool for detailed flood risk assessment, especially in limited areas.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2024.15.506
Water, the elixir of life, is a fundamental component of our planet. Its intricate dynamics and distribution play a crucial role in shaping ecosystems, sustaining life, and influencing climate patterns. Environmental hydrology is the interdisciplinary science that delves into the intricate workings of Earth's water systems, encompassing its movement, distribution, quality, and interactions with various environmental compartments. In this article, we embark on a journey to unravel the complexities of environmental hydrology, aiming to deepen our understanding of how water shapes our planet and sustains life. At the heart of environmental hydrology lies the water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle—a continuous process of water movement between the atmosphere, land, and oceans. The cycle begins with the evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, and rivers, driven by solar energy. As water vapor rises into the atmosphere, it undergoes condensation, forming clouds and eventually precipitating as rain or snow. Precipitation replenishes surface water bodies and infiltrates into the soil, replenishing groundwater reservoirs. From there, water moves through various pathways—some returning to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration from plants, some flowing into rivers and streams, eventually reaching the oceans, and some percolating deep underground to form aquifers. This perpetual exchange of water between different reservoirs forms the backbone of Earth's circulatory system, sustaining life and regulating climate.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2024.15.507
Water, the lifeblood of our planet, flows through various pathways, shaping landscapes and influencing ecosystems. Understanding the dynamics of water flow is essential for engineers, hydrologists, and environmental scientists alike. Hydraulics and hydrology play crucial roles in managing water resources, mitigating floods, and designing infrastructure. In this article, we delve into the intricacies of hydraulics and hydrology, exploring the principles governing water flow and its applications in real-world scenarios. Hydraulics is the study of fluid behavior and its applications in engineering. It deals with the transmission of force through the use of confined fluids, primarily water. The fundamental principles of hydraulics include: This law states that pressure exerted at any point in a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions. It forms the basis for hydraulic systems, where pressure applied at one point is transmitted to other points within the system. According to Bernoulli's principle, in a steady flow of fluid, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. This principle is crucial in understanding the behavior of fluids in motion, such as in open channels or pipelines. The continuity equation states that the mass flow rate of fluid remains constant within a closed system, assuming no sources or sinks of fluid within the system. It helps in analyzing fluid flow through pipes and channels, ensuring conservation of mass.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2024.15.508
Spring, with its thawing landscapes and rejuvenating atmosphere, marks a pivotal moment in the hydrological cycle. As temperatures rise and snow and ice melt, water systems undergo profound transformations, affecting ecosystems, agriculture, and human settlements. Understanding the intricate dynamics of spring hydrology is crucial for managing water resources sustainably and mitigating the impacts of climate change. In this article, we delve into the seasonal movement of water systems during spring, exploring its scientific underpinnings, ecological implications, and practical significance.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2024.15.509
Surface water hydrology is a fascinating field that delves into the intricate workings of Earth's hydrological cycle, focusing on the study of rivers, lakes, and oceans. These bodies of water play crucial roles in shaping our environment, influencing climate patterns, supporting diverse ecosystems, and sustaining human life. Understanding their dynamics is essential for effective water resource management, environmental conservation, and mitigating the impacts of climate change. In this article, we embark on a journey to explore the complex world of surface water hydrology. From the meandering rivers to the vast expanses of oceans, we will unravel the processes governing their behavior, the factors influencing their dynamics, and the methods used to investigate and monitor them.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2024.15.510
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DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2024.15.496
Water, the elixir of life, is an extraordinary substance that plays a pivotal role in shaping our planet. Beyond its essential role in sustaining life, water exhibits fascinating dynamics and behaviors that continue to captivate scientists and researchers worldwide. This article delves into the realm of aquatic dynamics, exploring the mysteries that surround water's behavior in oceans, rivers, lakes, and even at the molecular level. Aquatic dynamics is a multidisciplinary field encompassing the study of the motion, behavior, and interactions of organisms, fluids, and structures within aquatic environments. This abstract provides an overview of the key aspects and current trends within the realm of aquatic dynamics. It explores the fundamental principles governing fluid mechanics, including turbulence, viscosity, and buoyancy, as they apply to various aquatic systems such as oceans, lakes, rivers, and estuaries. Furthermore, the abstract delves into the ecological implications of aquatic dynamics, examining how fluid flow influences the distribution, dispersal, and feeding strategies of marine and freshwater organisms.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2024.15.497
Rainfall, the lifeblood of our planet, is a dynamic and intricate phenomenon that plays a crucial role in shaping our environment. The study of rainfall patterns is essential for understanding hydrological processes, water resource management, and climate dynamics. Rainfall riddles, encoded in the language of precipitation, challenge scientists and researchers to decipher the complex interplay of atmospheric elements that govern our planet's water cycle. In this article, we will embark on a journey to decode these hydrological patterns, exploring the mysteries hidden within rainfall data and their profound implications for ecosystems, agriculture, and human societies.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2024.15.505
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DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2024.15.503
Water, the elixir of life, plays a pivotal role in shaping our landscapes. Hydrology, the study of water, is a multidisciplinary field that examines the distribution, movement, and properties of water in the Earth's atmosphere and on its surface. In the context of landscapes, the intricate dance between water and land creates what can be termed as "liquid landscapes." This article delves into the hydrological perspectives that define these dynamic and ever-changing environments. Hydrological modeling finds applications across various domains, providing insights into water availability, flood forecasting, drought assessment, and the impact of land-use changes.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2024.15.504
Water, the elixir of life, flows through the veins of our planet, connecting ecosystems, sustaining life, and shaping landscapes. The hydrological pulse, a complex dance of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff, is the heartbeat of Earth's water cycle. This intricate system ensures the availability of fresh water, regulates climate, and supports a myriad of ecosystems. In this article, we delve into the depths of the hydrological pulse, exploring its significance, the processes involved, and the delicate balance that maintains the equilibrium of this liquid lifeblood.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2023.14.463
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2023.14.466
The hydrological cycle, also known as the water cycle, is the continuous movement of water on, above and below the Earth's surface. It is a vital process that helps to sustain life on our planet by ensuring the availability of freshwater for human consumption, agriculture and other essential purposes. In this article, we will explore the hydrological cycle in detail, including its different stages and how it impacts the environment.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2023.14.462
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The quality of water is also important for various industries, such as agriculture, manufacturing and energy production. Poor water quality can lead to reduced crop yields, damage to industrial equipment and increased energy costs due to the need for additional treatment. To determine the quality of water, various physical, chemical and biological measurements are taken. These measurements are used to determine the presence and concentration of contaminants, as well as the physical and chemical properties of water. Some of the common measurements used to determine water quality include pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, turbidity, conductivity and the presence of various contaminants, including heavy metals, organic matter and microorganisms.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2023.14.464
Water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, is the continuous process by which water is circulated through the earth's atmosphere, oceans and land surface. It is a fundamental process for the survival of all life on earth, as water is essential for various biological, physical and chemical processes. The water cycle can be divided into four main stages: evaporation, condensation, precipitation and transpiration. Each of these stages is crucial in ensuring the proper functioning of the water cycle.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2023.14.459
Valentin Brice Ebodé*, Jean Guy Dzana, Etienne Merlin Salvador Mewassi Aboui, Raphael Onguéné, Bérenger Koffi, Gil Mahé and Jean Jacques Braun
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7587.2023.14.457
Climate change and variability and anthropogenic forcings such as land use change are the main forcings of river discharge variability. However, understanding their simultaneous impact on river discharge remains limited in some parts of the world like in central Africa. To shed light on this issue, this article has as objective to investigate the impact of rainfall variability and land use changes on river discharge in the Mefou basin over the recent period (1963-2018). To achieve this goal, hydrometeorological data of this basin were analyzed using the Pettitt and Mann Kendall tests. Likewise, land use changes were also analyzed using supervised classifications of Landsat satellite images over the period (1973-2018). Average and extreme flows of Mefou river have increased since 1985-86, unlike the rainfall, which generally decreased for all seasons from the 1970s, apart from summer, where the reverse was observed. Changes in land use (increase impervious areas and a decrease in forest and water bodies) seem to be the main cause of the increase in runoff observed. The rainfall plays an essentially amplifying role in the increase in discharge in the seasons during which they occur. These results could be useful for the improvement of future simulations of the Mefou river flow.
Amna Hassan Issa Khierallah*, Amel Hadj Bouazza and Daniel Montplaisir
DOI: 10.37421.2157-7587.2023.14.448
Pharmaceutical residues, along with their metabolites and conjugates, are expelled from users through urine and faeces both during and after medical therapy. The elimination of this contaminant from wastewater is therefore the subject of intense attention. In this study, the antidepressant medication fluoxetine (FLX) was removed from the solution using a new technique based on electrospun nanofibers made of N-phthalic chitosan (NPCS) and N-succinyl chitosan (NSCS) combined with PEO as a copolymer for electrospinnability. In order to achieve the best nanofiber morphology as determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Adding the right chemical groups to the surface of chitosan through chemical modification allows for the elimination of pharmaceutical contaminants (FLX). Using FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy, the properties of modified chitosan (NPCS) and (NSCS) were studied. Consequently, FLX was chosen as a model pollutant. Experiments on the FLX solution were used to characterize the adsorption process using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV DAD). The processes were well described by the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second-order kinetics, the FLX was removed by changing the pH of the experimental settings to research the impact of the solution's pH. The media's pH needs to be adjusted in order to improve pollutant removal and have a high adsorption capacity. The maximum adsorption capacities for NPCS/PEO and NSCS/PEO nanofibers, respectively, were 72.22% and 81.16%, which also showed that they were promising candidates for removing FLX from wastewater.
DOI: 10.37421.2157-7587.2023.14.449
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DOI: 10.4172/2157-7587.22.13.389
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Kaveh Ostad Ali Askari* and Kaveh Ostad Ali Askari*
The remarkable success recorded at the end of Millennium Development Goals in 2015 was a laudable one and so its sustainability becomes
desirable, having hit 90% accessibility globally. Thus, the current global target through the United Nations initiated programme called Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) is on course to ensure that there is no setback in the sector. This paper reviews various challenges which may hinder
the enduring sustenance of the success realized in the water supply subsector in the developing nations. Relevant literatures were considered
and reviewed, and desk check was carried out. It was discovered that if water access in most developing nations will be sustained then attempts
should be made to attend to the myriads of socioeconomic challenges as they could render the global efforts towards water accessibility almost
a waste. Apart from this, developing countries should gear up to pursue subduing all these challenges in order to keep up with their developed
nations counterpart.
Alehegn Workie Amanu*, Bedane Gudeta Arkebe, Egziabher Donis Gurmassa, Samuel Damitew and Merdassa Balcha
Cotton is the leading natural fiber crop in the world. Improvements in textile processing, particularly advances in spinning technology, have led to
increased emphasis on breeding cotton for both improved yield and improved fiber properties in the world. Cotton production and weaving has
a very long history in Ethiopia. It has also been contributing a lot for the development of textile industries and offering considerable employment
opportunities in the textile mills and in the farms. The production and productivity of cotton has been constrained by lack of high yielding and widely
adaptable varieties with higher fiber quality traits. The cotton varieties widely grown in Ethiopia are primarily Deltapine-90 and Acala-SJ2 (American
varieties). However, these varieties have been used for more than 20 years, thus giving rise to the serious problem of variety ageing and
degeneration. In order to meet the evolving demands of the producers and domestic textile mills and foreign market, high yielding and better
fiber quality varieties must be introduced and adapted in a continuous basis. This experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating the
performance of introduced hybrid cotton under irrigated condition in Ethiopia. Six medium staple length hybrid cottons namely, VBCH 1533, VBCH
1537, Rambo VBCH 1521, VBCH 1517 and Hero VBCH 1511 were introduced from India by Vibha seed trading PLC, and compared with two
commercialized checks Deltapine-90 and stam-59A at Werer Agricultural Reseach Center (WARC), Amibara (sheleko), Melkasedi, Gawane, Sille,
and Woyto. The Experiment was laid out on a non-replicated plot area of 10 m × 10 m (100 m²). Seed cotton yield result revealed that each of the
candidate genotype had the best performed at Gewane as compared to other locations. At Gewane Hero VBCH 1511, VBCH 1537, VBCH 1533
surpassed for seed cotton yield of yielding 51.22, 50.05 and 49.97 q/ha, respectively. The lowest seed cotton yield was scored at Amibara for the
check variety DP-90 (7.55 q/ha). Almost all test candidate genotypes surpassed over the check varieties for seed cotton yield at each location. The
overall combined mean showed VBCH 1533 (32.31 q/ha) surpassed all the genotypes followed by VBCH 1537 (30.45 q/ha) and Hero VBCH 1511
(29.49 q/ha) for seed cotton yield. The yield advantage of the three highest candidate genotypes over the better check was 31.82%, 24.24% and
20.32%. Most of the genotypes best performed for upper half mean length at locations WARC and Woyto. Concerning to the fiber quality properties
of the candidate genotypes viz. VBCH 1537, Rambo VBCH 1521, Hero VBCH 1511 and VBCH 1533 had best performed respectively as compared
to other genotypes considered in this study. In general, VBCH 1533, VBCH 1537 and Hero VBCH 1511 were the best genotypes revealed superior
performance in both seed cotton yield and related traits and fiber quality properties. Thus, these genotypes can be used in the breeding program
for crossing and should be commercialized if these genotypes had surpassed the commercialized checks
Ashebir Haile Tefera
Effective agricultural water management technologies improve crop and water productivity by allowing for a more efficient use of inputs, such as water and fertilizer, and by enhancing the yields and quality of the crops farmers grow. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal irrigation scheduling and fertilizer rate for better water use efficiency under irrigated agriculture. The experiment was carried in the randomized completed block design experimental design with combination of five levels of irrigation treatments and three levels of fertilizer rate with three replications of the treatments. The result revealed that the plot received optimal irrigation interval of 14 days in combination of 25% more than the recommended fertilizer rate (292.24 kg/ha) had significantly higher effects on above ground biomass (18.25 t ha-1) and on grain yield (4.8 t ha-1 ) of irrigated maize in the study area. However, the maximum water use efficiency of 2.05 kg/m3 was obtained at the irrigation interval of14 days and highest level of fertilizer rate. Hence, the use of 14 days optimal irrigation interval and 25% more fertilizer than the recommended rate is advisable because the grain yield and crop water use efficiency had been improved in the study area. Therefore, the obtained results are valuable in improving maize yield and water use efficiency, but economic analysis should be included for further recommendation.
Hydrology: Current Research received 2843 citations as per Google Scholar report
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