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Separation and purification of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) from their mixture are is not easy, because of their similar physico-chemical properties. Therefore, efforts to separate and purify them by the Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) because of their simplicity, effectivity and efficiency. In this study, the emulsion was made by mixing Span-80 as a surfactant, the Tributylphosphate (TBP) or Di-2-Ethylhexylphosphate (D2EHPA) as extractants in N-Hexane, and Nitric Acid as the internal phase, followed by extraction with a mixture of Gd(III) and Sm(III) in nitric acid as an external phase. The emulsion was made using an experimental design with a two-level factorial design method to select parameters that had a significant influence on the response of swelling ratios and creaming number in the separation of Gd(III) from Sm(III). The results of the study showed that the parameters selected were: Internal acidic concentration (0.5 M), surfactant concentration (2.9%), ligand concentration (0.1%), emulsification stirring speed (10000 rpm), external acid concentration (5.8 M), type of ligand (1= ligand code D2EHPA), extraction stirring speed (500 rpm) Furthermore, the data obtained from the research results show that the swelling ratio value was 0,0007 and the creaming rate was -0.0082. The two response values approached the 0 (zero) value, meaning that the resulting liquid emulsion was stable and good for its use in the separation of Gd(III) from Sm(III) by the emulsion liquid membrane method.

Research Article Pages: 1 - 5

Cloud Point Pre-concentration with Spectrophotometric Detection for Determination of Oxymetazoline in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Khalid Wahdan*, Zaid Alnedawi, Ali M Hassan, Hind Hadi and Ahmed Shabana

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Simple and sensitive method was proposed for enrichment and determination of Oxymetazoline (OMZ) in its pharmaceutical matrix through Cloud Point Extraction (CPE) technique, the method depends on forming misciles by using non-ionic surfactant triton-x114 to enrichment colored azo dye product that results from diazotization-coupling reaction of the OMZ drug with diazotized metoclopramide (also drug) in alkaline medium and subsequently detected spectrophotometrically at 510 nm. The optimal reaction and pre-concentration (such as PH, surfactant concentration, temperature and centrifugations time) conditions optimized, under the optimized conditions, the analytical characteristics were obtained, linearity was obeyed in the range of 0.05-17.0 μg.ml-1 the limit of detection and the limit of quantification calculated to be 0.047 and 0.15 μg.ml^-1, respectively and enrichment factor was 20. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Oxymetazoline (OMZ) in commercial nasals.

Research Article Pages: 1 - 5

Synthesis and Characterization Edible Films from Taro Starch (Xanthosoma Sagittifolium)

Bambang Wahyudi* and Srie Muljani

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The synthesis of edible film from taro starch has been studied as a strategy for the manufacture of biodegradable food packaging. This study aims to examine the effect of the starch: Chitosan ratio and glycerol concentration on the characteristics of the edible film and to obtain an edible film in accordance with the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS). The research included two steps, the first stage of making taro starch (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) and the second stage of making edible films with variations of Chitosan Starch (2: 0, 1,8: 0.2, 1)., 6: 0.4, 1, 4: 0.6, and 1.8: 0.2) and glycerol variations (1; 1.5; 2; 2.5 and 3%). The edible film that fulfills JIS is found in starch concentration: Chitosan 1,2: 0.8 with glycerol concentration 2.5% has a thickness of 0.25 mm, tensile strength 0.454 MPa, elongation 71.70%, young modulus 0.216 MPa, solubility in water 64.104%, and biodegradation 86.83%. The IR Spectrum edible film shows the presence of OH- and Ester (COOH) groups which characterize hydrophilic properties.

Editorial Pages: 1 - 1

Editorial on Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Hideharu Shintani*

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Editorial Pages: 1 - 1

Editorial on Chemical Oceanography

Alberto Cavazzini*

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Volume 12, Issue 9 (2021)

Commentary Pages: 1 - 1

Chemical Significance of Petroleum in Petrochemistry

Nikolay N Gerasimchuk*

DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2021.12.250

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Perspective Pages: 1 - 1

Methods and Applications Involved in Analytical Chemistry

Nikolay N Gerasimchuk*

DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2021.12.251

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Editorial Pages: 1 - 1

Importance of Thermo Chemistry

Nikolay N Gerasimchuk*

DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2021.12.252

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Research Article Pages: 1 - 1

Assessment of Aflatoxin in Milk from Chakwal City

Uzair Ahmad*

DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2021.12.253

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Background and Objective: Contamination with aflatoxins in raw milk is a burning issue in the World regarding human health. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of toxigenic fungi, and are potential mutagens, carcinogens, teratogens, genotoxins and other health hazards to human. These toxins are produced by fusarium, penicillium and aspergillus Spp. Aflatoxin M1, hydroxylated forms of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), predominantly present in milk.

Materials and methods: ELISA technique was us to check the quantity of aflatoxin M1 in milk samples. Aflatoxin M1 test kit was used for the detection of AFM1 in milk by carrying out the procedure of Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELIZA). Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELIZA) is a cost effective, quick and reliable technique for the quantitative analysis of AFM1. German Federal board of Health (Kaniou-Grigoriadou, Eleftheriadou, Mouratidou, & Katikou, 2005) also included this process in their official collection of test procedure.

Results and discussion: The results showed that every sample was contaminated with AFM1. The results from the test shows that every sample was contaminated with AFM1. According to the findings of different farms all samples were found positive with Aflatoxin M1 but only 15% were found higher value than European Commission while all 100% samples were below value according to the Pakistan Standard and Quality Control Authority acceptable limits Maximum concentration was shown in Seth Shahmeer Dairy Farm and Zumurd Dairy Farm 0.585 μg/l and minimum in Al Hadi Dairy Farm with value 0.252 μg/l.

Research Pages: 1 - 12

Effective Removal of Dyes by Synthesized and Characterized by Anthracene Hypercross Linked Polymer

Sehrish Rashid Niazi*

DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2021.12.254

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The preliminary introduction of synthetic polymers in the 1830’s is today reflect by an inestimable number of structural variations that have finished in key components in products to rally the requirements of contemporary society. Due to their practical applications in the field of biology, chemistry, and medical field. Hyper cross-linked polymers are of great importance. Synthetic hyper cross-linked polymer will have high surface area with improved pore size and mild operating condition that can be used for amputation of dyes. Hyper crossed linked polymer is synthesized by using Friedel craft reaction used for aromatic network for the formation with highest surface area and microprousity which is suited for the Methane and carbon dioxide even at low pressure and temperature starting from the anthracene and Formaldehyde Dimethyl Acetal (FDA) with different concentration yield highly porous polymers which approximate the separation and Storage for the adsorption of carbon dioxide and methane. This polymer exhibits several elementary properties like that biodegradable property, regeneration property, separation efficiency and high adsorbent capacity. FTIR technique is used to study vibrational energy levels of molecules. As each atom in a molecule or functional group has its unique vibration so they can absorb different wavelength of IR.