Handias Meilinda*, Husein H. Bahti, Anni Anggraeni and Syulastri Effendi
Separation and purification of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) from their mixture are is not easy, because of their similar physico-chemical properties. Therefore, efforts to separate and purify them by the Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) because of their simplicity, effectivity and efficiency. In this study, the emulsion was made by mixing Span-80 as a surfactant, the Tributylphosphate (TBP) or Di-2-Ethylhexylphosphate (D2EHPA) as extractants in N-Hexane, and Nitric Acid as the internal phase, followed by extraction with a mixture of Gd(III) and Sm(III) in nitric acid as an external phase. The emulsion was made using an experimental design with a two-level factorial design method to select parameters that had a significant influence on the response of swelling ratios and creaming number in the separation of Gd(III) from Sm(III). The results of the study showed that the parameters selected were: Internal acidic concentration (0.5 M), surfactant concentration (2.9%), ligand concentration (0.1%), emulsification stirring speed (10000 rpm), external acid concentration (5.8 M), type of ligand (1= ligand code D2EHPA), extraction stirring speed (500 rpm) Furthermore, the data obtained from the research results show that the swelling ratio value was 0,0007 and the creaming rate was -0.0082. The two response values approached the 0 (zero) value, meaning that the resulting liquid emulsion was stable and good for its use in the separation of Gd(III) from Sm(III) by the emulsion liquid membrane method.
Khalid Wahdan*, Zaid Alnedawi, Ali M Hassan, Hind Hadi and Ahmed Shabana
Simple and sensitive method was proposed for enrichment and determination of Oxymetazoline (OMZ) in its pharmaceutical matrix through Cloud Point Extraction (CPE) technique, the method depends on forming misciles by using non-ionic surfactant triton-x114 to enrichment colored azo dye product that results from diazotization-coupling reaction of the OMZ drug with diazotized metoclopramide (also drug) in alkaline medium and subsequently detected spectrophotometrically at 510 nm. The optimal reaction and pre-concentration (such as PH, surfactant concentration, temperature and centrifugations time) conditions optimized, under the optimized conditions, the analytical characteristics were obtained, linearity was obeyed in the range of 0.05-17.0 μg.ml-1 the limit of detection and the limit of quantification calculated to be 0.047 and 0.15 μg.ml-1, respectively and enrichment factor was 20. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Oxymetazoline (OMZ) in commercial nasals.
Bambang Wahyudi* and Srie Muljani
The synthesis of edible film from taro starch has been studied as a strategy for the manufacture of biodegradable food packaging. This study aims to examine the effect of the starch: Chitosan ratio and glycerol concentration on the characteristics of the edible film and to obtain an edible film in accordance with the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS). The research included two steps, the first stage of making taro starch (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) and the second stage of making edible films with variations of Chitosan Starch (2: 0, 1,8: 0.2, 1)., 6: 0.4, 1, 4: 0.6, and 1.8: 0.2) and glycerol variations (1; 1.5; 2; 2.5 and 3%). The edible film that fulfills JIS is found in starch concentration: Chitosan 1,2: 0.8 with glycerol concentration 2.5% has a thickness of 0.25 mm, tensile strength 0.454 MPa, elongation 71.70%, young modulus 0.216 MPa, solubility in water 64.104%, and biodegradation 86.83%. The IR Spectrum edible film shows the presence of OH- and Ester (COOH) groups which characterize hydrophilic properties.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2022.13.324
N-Trifluoromethanesulfonamides (CF3SO2NHR, TfNHR) have found extensive use in natural union over the past two decades as reagents, catalysts, additives, and substituents that alter reactivity and organic movement in a variety of substrates. Early surveys on the subject of triflamide and its subordinates were conducted, which supports the enormous interest in such constructs. Triflamides are among the most grounded NH- acids since they have significant areas of strength for a pulling out CF3SO2 bunch in their design (pKa (in H2O) for TfNH2 is 6.33, pKa (in H2O) for Tf2NH is 2.8). This characteristic determines how triflamides are used in natural blends, in the production of pharmaceutically and organically active chemicals, as well as in various industries.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2022.13.325
The most popular method for restricting or protecting metal from damaging mediums is natural coating. However, there are inherent problems with the use of the majority of covering frameworks, including epoxies, acrylic, polyurethanes, and so forth. Prudent actions have been known to produce unfavourable outcomes. Changes to the surface coatings of the films provide a security barrier between the film and the substrate. When compared to their unmodified structure, built-up polymers have better characteristics and can withstand harsh circumstances.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2022.13.326
Managing complexity is one of modern culture's fundamental goals. Unbalanced organocatalysis is an important mechanical stage in the case of the major claimed by science and catalysis towards the supportability aims. Despite being a generally young field, List and MacMillan recently received the Nobel Prize in recognition of their tremendous impact.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2022.13.327
Plasma is described as semi-neutral plasma of charged, unbiased particles that exhibits collective behaviour. The distinctive features that distinguish plasma from other release characteristics are applied in many contemporary and research sectors, such as regulating the component particles for specific uses.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2022.13.328
Polymer materials are frequently used in aviation, armed forces offices, medical services hardware, programmed handling, and other industries due to their tremendous mechanical strength and high temperature blockage. Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (EG-POSS), a new eugenolfunctionalized confine that exhibits outstanding dissolvability and reactivity with BD-type bismaleimide sap, was designed and assembled.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.333
The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway in the wrist that allows the median nerve and several tendons to pass from the forearm to the hand. The carpal tunnel retinaculum, also known as the flexor retinaculum, is a thick band of connective tissue that forms the roof of the carpal tunnel. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the wrist and ensuring the smooth movement of the tendons and nerves that pass through the carpal tunnel.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.332
Neurological disorders present significant challenges to public health and quality of life, affecting millions of people worldwide. These disorders, encompassing conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and epilepsy, are characterized by complex pathophysiological mechanisms and a lack of effective treatments. In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on unraveling the neurological frontier through the discovery of potent drug candidates. This article delves into the ongoing quest for novel therapeutics in the treatment of neurological disorders, highlighting the innovative strategies and promising advancements in medicinal chemistry.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.329
Natural products have long been a source of fascination for chemists, biologists and pharmacologists due to their diverse structures and remarkable biological activities. These compounds, derived from plants, animals and microorganisms, have played a crucial role in the development of new drugs and therapeutic agents. Exploring the chemistry of natural products, including their synthesis and biological applications, has become a vibrant area of research, with scientists striving to uncover their secrets and harness their potential for the benefit of society. In this article, we delve into the world of natural products, highlighting the synthesis strategies employed and their significant biological applications.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.330
Organic synthesis plays a pivotal role in drug discovery, serving as the backbone of medicinal chemistry. It involves the design and construction of organic molecules with desired properties and biological activities. Organic synthesis enables the synthesis of diverse chemical libraries, lead optimization and the development of novel therapeutic agents. In this article, we explore how organic synthesis empowers drug discovery by providing innovative strategies, facilitating the synthesis of complex molecules and driving advancements in the pharmaceutical industry. we explore the innovations and applications of organic synthesis in drug discovery, highlighting its indispensable role in the development of new drugs and the advancement of the pharmaceutical industry.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.331
Organocatalysis is a branch of catalysis that involves the use of small organic molecules, called organocatalysts, to accelerate chemical reactions. Unlike traditional catalytic processes that often employ transition metals or enzymes, organocatalysis relies on the reactivity of functional groups within organic molecules to activate substrates and facilitate transformations. The concept of organocatalysis dates back several decades, but it has gained significant attention and recognition in recent years due to its broad applicability and sustainable nature. Organocatalysis offers several advantages over other catalytic methods, including mild reaction conditions, high selectivity, and compatibility with a wide range of functional groups. Additionally, organocatalysts are often readily available, cost-effective, and have low toxicity, making them attractive for industrial applications.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.336
Enzymes, the remarkable catalysts of nature, have captivated scientists for centuries. These molecular machines play a crucial role in countless biological processes, from aiding digestion to enabling DNA replication. While the significance of enzymes is well-established, understanding their intricate workings at the molecular level has remained a challenging endeavor. However, the emerging field of chemical biology has provided invaluable insights into unraveling the secrets of enzymes. The intricate molecular architects of life have long fascinated scientists with their exceptional catalytic prowess. These remarkable biomolecules orchestrate countless biochemical reactions, enabling the essential processes that sustain living organisms. Unraveling the secrets of enzymes is an ongoing scientific pursuit that unveils the mysteries behind their remarkable efficiency, specificity and regulatory capabilities. By delving into the intricacies of enzyme structure, function and regulation, researchers are unlocking the hidden mechanisms that govern these remarkable catalysts, providing insights into fundamental biological processes and offering new avenues for applied research and therapeutics.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.334
Chemical contaminants are pervasive in our environment, arising from a wide range of sources such as industrial activities, agricultural practices and household products. While these substances have undoubtedly improved our quality of life, they also pose significant risks to ecosystem health. Understanding the ecological consequences of chemical contaminants is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate their impacts and ensure the long-term sustainability of our ecosystems. Chemical contaminants have profound ecological consequences, impacting the health and functioning of ecosystems in numerous ways. These consequences can be observed at various levels, from individual organisms to entire ecological communities.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.341
Protein-protein interactions play a fundamental role in cellular processes, dictating the intricate network of signaling pathways and molecular events within living organisms. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these interactions is crucial for unraveling disease pathways, designing targeted therapeutics and advancing our knowledge of biological systems. In recent years, revolutionary chemical biology techniques have emerged as powerful tools for probing protein-protein interactions, providing unprecedented molecular insights. This article explores some of these cutting-edge techniques and their impact on unraveling the secrets of protein-protein interactions. Probing protein-protein interactions is vital for understanding cellular processes and developing targeted therapeutic strategies.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.335
Protein-ligand interactions play a critical role in numerous biological processes and are of great importance in drug discovery and design. Understanding the binding mechanisms between proteins and ligands is crucial for developing effective therapeutics. Experimental techniques, such as X-ray crystallography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, provide valuable insights into these interactions. However, they can be time-consuming and expensive. In recent years, computational approaches have emerged as powerful tools for studying protein-ligand interactions. These methods leverage the advances in computational biology, molecular modeling and machine learning to predict and analyze protein-ligand binding events in silico. In this article, we will explore some of the key computational approaches used in the study of protein-ligand interactions.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.337
The health and stability of our ecosystems are of utmost importance for the well-being of both human and non-human life on Earth. Unfortunately, human activities have led to the introduction of various chemical contaminants into the environment, which can have detrimental effects on the delicate balance of ecosystems. The field of ecotoxicology aims to understand the influence of these chemical contaminants on ecological systems and to assess their potential risks. Ecotoxicology is a multidisciplinary science that combines elements of ecology, toxicology, chemistry and environmental science. It focuses on the study of the effects of toxic substances on organisms, populations, communities and ecosystems as a whole. Chemical contaminants can include pesticides, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, industrial pollutants and many other substances that find their way into the environment through human activities.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.338
Exploring gene function is a crucial aspect of understanding biological processes and disease mechanisms. Chemical biology approaches play a significant role in this exploration by using small molecules as tools to study gene function. These approaches involve the design, synthesis and application of chemical compounds to manipulate or probe the activities of genes and their products. Chemical biology utilizes various techniques and tools to explore gene function. Small molecule inhibitors are designed to selectively block the activity of specific genes or gene products, such as enzymes or receptors. These inhibitors can be used to investigate the biological consequences of inhibiting a particular gene function. They help identify the pathways and processes in which the target gene is involved.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.339
Nanodiagnostics refer to the application of nanotechnology in the field of diagnostics, specifically in the detection and analysis of biomarkers and disease-related molecules. It involves the use of nanomaterials, nanosensors, and miniaturized devices to achieve sensitive, specific, and rapid diagnostic results. In recent years, the field of nanodiagnostics has experienced remarkable advancements, revolutionizing the landscape of point-of-care testing. These cutting-edge technologies, leveraging the power of nanomaterials and miniaturized devices, have paved the way for rapid, accurate and portable diagnostic solutions. This article explores the incredible potential of nanodiagnostics and its transformative impact on point-of-care testing.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.340
Nanomedicine refers to the application of nanotechnology in the field of medicine. It involves the use of nanoscale materials and devices to diagnose treat and prevent diseases at the molecular and cellular level. By leveraging the unique properties and behavior of nanoparticles, nanomedicine aims to revolutionize healthcare by offering more precise and effective medical interventions. Over the past few decades, remarkable advancements in the field of nanotechnology have set the stage for a revolution in healthcare. Nanomedicine, a multidisciplinary field that combines nanotechnology with medicine, is transforming the landscape of healthcare as we know it. With its promise of precise diagnostics, targeted drug delivery and personalized treatments, nanomedicine is paving the way for a future where diseases are tackled at their root, with unprecedented precision and efficiency.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.342
Computational chemistry has emerged as a transformative tool in the field of drug discovery and design. By harnessing the power of computational algorithms, molecular modeling and simulations, researchers can expedite the process of identifying and optimizing potential drug candidates. This approach offers numerous advantages, including time and cost savings, as well as the ability to explore a vast chemical space. Here, we explore some key applications of computational chemistry in drug discovery and design. In the quest for effective and safe drugs, the field of drug discovery and design has witnessed a remarkable transformation in recent years, thanks to the power of computational chemistry. Computational chemistry leverages advanced algorithms, high-performance computing and extensive databases to expedite the process of drug development. This revolutionary approach has paved the way for more efficient and cost-effective drug discovery, leading to the development of groundbreaking therapies that were once deemed impossible.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.343
The field of medicinal chemistry is continuously evolving, driven by the need to discover and develop innovative drugs to combat complex diseases. The quest for effective therapies demands a deep understanding of molecular interactions, target identification and optimization of drug candidates. Drug discovery and development are complex and challenging processes that require continuous innovation and scientific breakthroughs. In recent years, remarkable advancements have revolutionized these fields, transforming the way we identify, optimize and deliver new therapeutics. From cutting-edge technologies to novel approaches, this article explores the exciting developments that are revolutionizing drug discovery and development, ushering in a new era of medicine.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.345
The discovery of DNA as the hereditary material of life revolutionized our understanding of genetics and paved the way for modern molecular biology. However, the true complexity of the cellular machinery lies beyond the blueprint encoded in DNA. Another critical molecule, RNA (ribonucleic acid), acts as an intermediary, translating the genetic information into functional molecules and orchestrating various cellular processes. In recent years, the field of chemical biology has delved into the intricate world of RNA, deciphering its language and unraveling its diverse roles in the cell. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a versatile and enigmatic molecule that holds the key to understanding the inner workings of the cell. It acts as a messenger, transmitting genetic information from DNA to produce proteins and perform various vital cellular functions. Deciphering RNA involves unraveling its structure, function and regulatory mechanisms, which have captivated scientists for decades and continue to be a focal point of research in molecular biology and genetics.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.347
Biological pathways are intricate networks of molecular interactions that govern various cellular processes, including metabolism, signal transduction and gene regulation. These pathways play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and orchestrating the functions of living organisms. In the field of chemical genetics, understanding and manipulating these biological pathways is essential for unraveling insights and discovering potential therapeutic targets. In the quest to understand the complex mechanisms underlying biological processes, scientists have devised various methods and tools to investigate the intricate pathways that govern life. One powerful approach that has emerged in recent years is chemical genetics, a discipline that combines the principles of chemistry and genetics to unravel insights into biological systems. By manipulating and studying the effects of small molecules on living organisms, chemical genetics provides a valuable tool for probing the intricate pathways of life.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.344
The global demand for energy is continuously increasing and with it comes the urgent need for cleaner and more sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources such as sunlight and biomass have emerged as promising solutions, offering a cleaner future for our planet. Catalysis, a fundamental chemical process, plays a crucial role in converting these abundant resources into usable forms, powering a sustainable energy revolution. The sun is an abundant source of energy, radiating vast amounts of sunlight onto the Earth every day. Harnessing sunlight as a renewable energy resource has gained significant attention in recent years and catalysis plays a crucial role in converting sunlight into usable forms of energy. This article explores the concept of sunlight as a catalyst in renewable energy systems and highlights its potential for a cleaner and more sustainable future.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.346
The modern world is driven by advancements in science, medicine and personal care. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) have become an integral part of our daily lives, offering numerous benefits in terms of health and hygiene. However, as we reap the benefits of these products, we must also acknowledge the potential consequences they pose to the environment. The presence of PPCPs in our ecosystems has raised concerns regarding their impact on aquatic life, human health and the overall ecological balance. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a diverse group of substances that are used for medicinal purposes, personal hygiene,\ and cosmetic enhancement. They encompass a wide range of products, including prescription and over-the-counter medications, vitamins, fragrances, cosmetics, shampoos, soaps and other personal care items.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.348
The field of biochemistry has been instrumental in unlocking the secrets of life, revealing the intricate processes that govern the functioning of living organisms. One of the fundamental concepts in biochemistry is the central dogma, which outlines the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. Understanding this dogma is essential for comprehending the complex mechanisms behind life itself. The central dogma of biochemistry can be summarized in three key steps: DNA replication, transcription and translation. Each of these processes plays a crucial role in ensuring the accurate transmission and utilization of genetic information. The central dogma remains a cornerstone of biochemistry, guiding our exploration of life's most fundamental processes.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.349
As the world grapples with the pressing challenges of climate change, pollution and resource depletion, the need for sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions becomes more critical than ever. Green chemistry, also known as sustainable chemistry, has emerged as a promising field that aims to design chemical processes and products that minimize their environmental impact while maximizing efficiency. Through innovations in green chemistry, scientists and engineers are revolutionizing industries and paving the way for a more sustainable future. Green chemistry is a holistic approach that aims to minimize or eliminate hazardous substances throughout the entire lifecycle of a chemical process or product. It emphasizes the design of safer chemicals, the development of energy-efficient processes and the reduction of waste generation. By integrating the principles of green chemistry, industries can achieve both economic success and environmental stewardship.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.350
Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges of our time. As the Earth's average temperature continues to rise, scientists are working tirelessly to understand the complex mechanisms behind this phenomenon. At the heart of this scientific exploration lies the study of the chemistry behind climate change, particularly the role of greenhouse gases in driving global warming. In this article, we delve into the chemistry of greenhouse gases, their impact on our planet's climate and the urgent need for collective action. Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) are naturally occurring and anthropogenic compounds that play a critical role in Earth's climate system. They act like a blanket, trapping heat in the atmosphere and regulating the planet's temperature. While some greenhouse gases, such as water vapor, occur naturally, others are primarily generated through human activities, such as industrial processes and the burning of fossil fuels.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.351
Nutrition plays a vital role in maintaining our overall health and well-being. It provides the necessary building blocks for our bodies to function properly and supports various biochemical processes. Behind the scenes, intricate chemical reactions take place, converting food into energy and essential molecules that our bodies need. Understanding the chemistry of nutrition can help us make informed choices about what we eat and how it affects our health. Our bodies are intricate systems composed of trillions of cells working together to support life. To maintain the health and proper functioning of these cells, we require specific nutrients known as the building blocks for our bodies. These essential substances provide the necessary components for growth, repair and various biochemical processes. Understanding these building blocks can help us make informed choices about our diet and overall well-being.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.352
Access to clean and safe water is a fundamental necessity for human well-being and sustainable development. However, the increasing scarcity of freshwater resources and the growing threat of water pollution have made the effective treatment of water a pressing global challenge. In the pursuit of sustainable water treatment solutions, catalysts have emerged as crucial components in driving transformative change. This article delves into the significant role of catalysts in sustainable water treatment technologies, highlighting their potential to revolutionize water purification and foster a more environmentally friendly approach. Water scarcity and the need for sustainable water treatment solutions have led to significant advancements in membrane technologies. Membrane filtration processes, such as reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF), offer effective means of purifying water from various sources. To further enhance the performance and sustainability of membrane-based water treatment, the integration of advanced catalysts has emerged as a promising approach. This article explores the crucial role of catalysts in enabling advanced membrane technologies, revolutionizing water treatment processes and addressing pressing global water challenges.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.353
The human brain is a remarkably complex organ that continues to captivate scientists and researchers around the world. Despite significant advancements in our understanding of the brain, there are still many mysteries that surround the intricacies of its functioning. Neurobiology, the study of the nervous system, has witnessed tremendous progress in recent years, with chemical biology emerging as a powerful tool to unravel the molecular underpinnings of the mind. This article delves into the realm of chemical biology and its vital role in uncovering the molecular mysteries of the mind. The chemistry of the brain is a fascinating and intricate subject that involves the study of various molecules, neurotransmitters and chemical reactions that contribute to the functioning of the central nervous system. Understanding the chemistry of the brain is crucial for unraveling its mysteries, including cognition, emotion, behavior and the development of neurological disorders. This article provides an overview of the key components and processes that make up the chemistry of the brain.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.354
The field of organic chemistry has witnessed remarkable advancements in recent years, leading to the development of novel building blocks with unparalleled versatility and functionality. These organic building blocks have opened up exciting possibilities in the design, synthesis and application of functional materials across various industries. Organic building blocks are fundamental molecular entities that serve as the foundation for the construction of more complex organic compounds. These building blocks are the basic units of organic chemistry and play a crucial role in the synthesis of a wide range of organic molecules, including pharmaceuticals, polymers, agrochemicals and materials used in various industries. Organic building blocks come in various forms, each with its unique chemical properties and reactivity, making them versatile tools for chemists and researchers. In this article, we will explore the significance of organic building blocks and their role in the field of chemistry.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.355
In a world increasingly concerned with environmental sustainability, chemistry is emerging as a key player in addressing some of the planet's most pressing challenges. From climate change to resource depletion, the field of chemistry is breaking new ground in developing innovative and sustainable solutions. One of the most exciting frontiers in this endeavour is green synthesis, a concept that is revolutionizing the way we produce chemicals, materials and pharmaceuticals while minimizing environmental impact. The 21st century has brought with it a growing awareness of the environmental consequences of industrial processes and chemical manufacturing. Traditional chemical synthesis often relies on hazardous reagents, generates copious amounts of waste and consumes non-renewable resources. These practices contribute significantly to pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and the depletion of natural resources.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.356
In the world of organic synthesis, the ability to selectively functionalize Carbon-Hydrogen (C-H) bonds has long been a holy grail. The direct transformation of C-H bonds into valuable chemical functionalities could revolutionize the way we build complex molecules. Transition-metalcatalyzed C-H activation has emerged as a powerful tool to achieve this goal. Recent advances in this field have opened up exciting opportunities for precision functionalization, transforming the way chemists approach synthesis and offering new pathways to challenging molecules. Transitionmetal- catalyzed C-H activation is a groundbreaking technique in the field of organic chemistry. It involves the use of transition metal catalysts to facilitate the direct transformation of Carbon-Hydrogen (C-H) bonds into more valuable chemical functionalities without the need for prior functional group manipulation. This approach has revolutionized the way chemists synthesize complex molecules and has found wide-ranging applications in the pharmaceutical, materials science and chemical industries.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.357
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, represent a significant and growing global health challenge. These disorders, characterized by the progressive degeneration of nerve cells, lead to debilitating cognitive and motor impairments. As the global population ages, the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is on the rise, making it imperative to develop effective therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in the field of drug discovery have paved the way for the development of highly selective kinase inhibitors, offering new hope for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Kinases are a class of enzymes that play a crucial role in cell signaling and regulation. They are responsible for phosphorylating proteins, thereby activating or deactivating various cellular processes. Aberrant kinase activity has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases. Dysregulated kinases can lead to the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, all of which contribute to the progression of these diseases.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.358
Nature has always been a treasure trove of chemical compounds, many of which have been harnessed for their medicinal, culinary and industrial applications. From the ancient use of plants and minerals in traditional medicine to the modern isolation and synthesis of complex molecules, the study of natural products has been integral to the advancement of chemistry and its practical applications. Natural products are chemical compounds produced by living organisms, typically of plant, animal, or microbial origin. These compounds often serve crucial roles in the organisms that produce them, such as defense mechanisms or communication signals. Due to their complexity and diversity, natural products have been a rich source of inspiration and innovation in chemistry.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.359
In today's rapidly evolving industrial landscape, sustainability has become a paramount concern. Industries are under increasing pressure to minimize their environmental footprint, reduce waste, and optimize resource usage. Innovative chemical engineering plays a pivotal role in achieving these objectives. It not only enhances the efficiency of industrial processes but also opens the door to novel, environmentally friendly solutions. This article explores how innovative chemical engineering practices are driving industrial sustainability. One of the cornerstones of industrial sustainability is the adoption of green chemistry principles. Green chemistry focuses on the design, development, and implementation of chemical processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Innovations in chemical engineering have enabled industries to create safer and more environmentally friendly products and processes.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.360
Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the study of carbon-containing compounds, and aromatic compounds are a fascinating subset of organic chemistry. Aromatic compounds are characterized by their unique ring structures and distinctive reactivity patterns. Understanding the mechanisms and reactivity of aromatic compounds is crucial in the field of organic chemistry, as it provides insight into a wide range of chemical processes and applications. In this article, we will explore the organic chemistry of aromatic compounds, including their structural features, key reactions, and mechanisms. Aromatic compounds are defined by the presence of an aromatic ring, a planar, cyclic arrangement of carbon atoms that incorporates alternating single and double bonds. The most famous aromatic compound is benzene, which consists of a hexagonal ring with three double bonds and three single bonds between the carbon atoms. This arrangement of pi electrons creates a stable, delocalized electron cloud above and below the ring, giving rise to the characteristic aromatic properties.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.361
In the realm of healthcare and medicine, the development of new drugs is a constant pursuit aimed at alleviating human suffering and improving quality of life. Organic chemistry plays a pivotal role in this endeavour, serving as the cornerstone of drug discovery and development. Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon atoms, often bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and other elements. These carbon-containing compounds are the building blocks of life, found in everything from DNA to the proteins that make up our bodies. In drug discovery, organic chemistry provides the foundation for understanding and manipulating these essential molecules. One of the primary ways organic chemistry contributes to drug discovery is through the synthesis of novel compounds. Medicinal chemists design and create new molecules with specific chemical structures that can interact with biological targets, such as proteins or enzymes. These synthetic molecules can be modified and optimized to enhance their pharmacological properties, like potency, selectivity, and safety. Organic chemistry techniques, such as retrosynthetic analysis and reaction mechanisms, guide the design and synthesis of these compounds.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.362
Organic electronics have emerged as a promising field in the realm of optoelectronics, offering a wide range of applications from flexible displays to solar cells and wearable technology. Unlike traditional inorganic semiconductors, organic electronics utilize organic materials, such as polymers and small molecules, to harness the unique properties of organic compounds for electronic and optoelectronic devices. Organic electronics have gained considerable attention due to their lightweight, flexibility, and potential for low-cost manufacturing. Polymers, particularly conjugated polymers, have been pivotal in the development of organic electronic devices. Conjugated polymers, composed of repeating conjugated units, have unique electronic properties that make them ideal candidates for optoelectronic applications. Some notable examples of conjugated polymers include polythiophenes, polythienylenes, and polyfluorenes.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.363
Chiral molecules, which possess non-superimposable mirror images or enantiomers, play a pivotal role in various fields, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. The unique properties of chiral compounds often make them essential components of life-saving drugs and advanced materials. Consequently, the development of efficient and selective methods for the synthesis of chiral molecules is of paramount importance. Two of the most powerful strategies in this realm are enantioselective catalysis and asymmetric synthesis. Enantioselective catalysis is a specialized branch of catalysis that focuses on the selective production of a single enantiomer (chiral molecule) from a racemic mixture (a 50:50 mixture of two mirror-image isomers known as enantiomers). This field has had a profound impact on chemistry and various industries, especially pharmaceuticals, where the chirality of molecules can significantly affect their biological activity and safety.
Habauka M. Kwaambwa*, Manoria N. Niingo, Marta A. Elvin, Natalia Shakela, Marius K. Mutorwa, Erold Naomab and Adrian R. Rennie
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.375
The quality of water, whether it is used for non-potable purposes such as cooking, cleaning and other domestic activities, and more so when used as drinking water, is essential. The current methods of water treatment may either be costly or the chemicals used may have health problems associated with them. Curiosity-driven research about the water treatment properties of Moringa seed proteins has led to the development of a water treatment system with Moringa seed powder and eliminates the use of expensive chemicals, with their associated health and environmental effects. The water treatment system with three main water treatment compartments, i.e. a settling or coagulation/flocculation tank, a sand filter and a charcoal filter. The system was used to test the removal of turbidity and microbial pollution indicators from water. Preliminary tests show a reduction of turbidity and microbial pollution indicators by at least 96%. The preliminary results have demonstrated the potential and effectiveness of the Moringa seed powder in wastewater treatment. The next stage of the technology development will be based on applied cross-disciplinary research evolving from the lessons learned from the previous prototypes into a single unit as opposed to having separate standalone compartments.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.377
The journey of a drug from its conceptualization in the laboratory to its therapeutic effects in the human body is a complex process that involves drug synthesis, pharmacokinetics and understanding the crucial concepts of bioavailability and metabolism. Drug synthesis is the process of creating pharmaceutical compounds through chemical reactions. This crucial stage in drug development involves designing, optimizing and producing substances with the potential to treat or prevent specific diseases. The synthesis of drugs is a multidisciplinary effort that combines principles of chemistry, pharmacology and often biochemistry to achieve the desired therapeutic effects.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.379
Mass Spectrometry (MS) has become a cornerstone technology in forensic science, revolutionizing the way investigators analyze and interpret crime scene evidence. This powerful analytical technique allows forensic scientists to examine substances at the molecular level, providing crucial information for solving crimes and supporting legal proceedings. Here, we delve into the applications, benefits and challenges associated with mass spectrometry in forensic science. Forensic science plays a crucial role in criminal investigations, providing valuable insights that can lead to the identification and prosecution of perpetrators. In recent years, the field has witnessed significant advancements, with mass spectrometry emerging as a powerful tool for analyzing crime scene evidence at the molecular level. Mass spectrometry enables forensic scientists to unravel complex mysteries by examining the unique chemical fingerprints of substances, offering unprecedented accuracy and specificity in criminal investigations.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.380
Polymerization, the process of combining small molecules to form large macromolecules, has emerged as a game-changer in the field of medicine. In particular, polymerization plays a pivotal role in the development of innovative drug delivery systems and biomedical devices, offering new avenues for enhanced therapeutic outcomes and patient care. Polymer-based drug delivery systems represent a cutting-edge approach in the field of medicine, offering precise control over drug release kinetics, enhancing therapeutic efficacy and minimizing adverse effects. This innovative strategy involves the use of polymers to design and fabricate delivery systems that can encapsulate, protect and deliver therapeutic agents in a controlled and targeted manner.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.374
The field of crystallography has long been a cornerstone of scientific inquiry, allowing researchers to unravel the atomic and molecular structures of a wide range of materials. Electron crystallography, a specialized branch of crystallography, has emerged as a powerful technique for investigating the microscopic world at the atomic and nanoscale levels. This method utilizes electrons rather than X-rays to probe the structure of crystalline materials, providing unique insights into the arrangement of atoms within a crystal lattice. In recent years, there have been remarkable advances in electron crystallography, driven by innovations in electron microscopy, detector technology and computational methods. The most crucial aspect of electron crystallography is the analysis of diffraction patterns produced when electrons interact with the crystal. The diffraction pattern is a result of the interference of scattered electrons, providing information about the crystal's structure. By analyzing the diffraction pattern, scientists can determine the spatial arrangement of atoms in the crystal lattice.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.376
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various industries and reaction engineering is no exception. As the demand for efficient and sustainable processes grows, researchers and engineers are turning to smart approaches enabled by AI to optimize reaction engineering processes. This synergy between AI and reaction engineering holds the promise of enhancing efficiency, reducing costs and minimizing environmental impact. AI, particularly machine learning (ML) and neural networks, has brought about a paradigm shift in process modeling. These advanced algorithms excel at recognizing patterns and relationships within large and intricate data sets. In the context of reaction engineering, AI-driven models can learn from experimental data to create more accurate and predictive representations of chemical processes.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.378
Enzymatic catalysis, the acceleration of chemical reactions by biological catalysts known as enzymes, plays a crucial role in various industries, including food and beverages. From the brewing of beer to the baking of bread, enzymatic reactions contribute to the development of flavors, textures and nutritional profiles in a wide array of products. Enzymes play a pivotal role in the intricate world of baking, contributing to the development of texture, flavour and overall quality in a variety of baked goods. From the leavening of bread to the enhancement of pastry textures, enzymes are key players in the complex chemistry that transforms raw ingredients into delectable treats. Let's explore the essential enzymes involved in baking and their impact on the final products.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.381
Metabolism is a complex and intricate process that governs how our bodies convert food into energy. At the heart of this intricate dance is a symphony of hormones, the chemical messengers that play a pivotal role in regulating and balancing our body's internal environment. Hormones are instrumental in orchestrating various metabolic processes, ensuring that our bodies function optimally and maintain equilibrium. The intricate workings of the human body are governed by a complex network of chemical messengers known as hormones. Among their many roles, hormones play a pivotal part in regulating metabolism – the process through which our bodies convert food into energy.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.382
Enzymes are the molecular machines that drive the countless chemical reactions within living organisms. These biological catalysts are crucial for maintaining life processes, facilitating reactions that would otherwise occur too slowly to sustain life. Behind the scenes, coenzymes and cofactors play pivotal roles in supporting enzymatic catalysis, acting as essential partners that enable enzymes to carry out their functions effectively. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. They achieve this by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to occur. However, enzymes often require additional assistance from small, non-protein molecules known as coenzymes and cofactors.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.383
The process of drug synthesis is a complex and intricate task that involves the transformation of raw chemical materials into a therapeutic compound with specific biological activities. One of the key strategies employed in the design and synthesis of pharmaceuticals is retrosynthetic analysis. This powerful method, pioneered by Nobel laureate Elias James Corey, allows chemists to deconstruct a target molecule into simpler precursor molecules, ultimately guiding the synthesis backward from the final product to readily available starting materials. Retrosynthetic analysis is an indispensable tool in the field of organic chemistry, providing a systematic approach to planning the most efficient and feasible route for drug synthesis. Retrosynthetic analysis relies on the identification of key functional groups and strategic disconnections within a target molecule. The goal is to simplify the complex structure of the target compound into smaller, more accessible fragments. This process involves breaking down carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds in a way that allows for the retrosynthetic intermediates to be easily sourced or synthesized. Chemists often use protective groups and selective reactions to control the regio-chemistry and stereochemistry of the synthetic steps.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.364
In the ever-evolving field of molecular biology and biotechnology, the ability to selectively manipulate and study biological molecules is of paramount importance. Researchers strive to develop innovative techniques that allow for precise control over the interactions and functions of biomolecules within the complex environment of living organisms. Bioorthogonal chemistry, a relatively recent addition to the biologist's toolbox, has emerged as a powerful and versatile tool for selectively labeling and functionalizing biomolecules. This technology opens up new horizons in fields such as drug discovery, proteomics and cellular biology by enabling researchers to make controlled modifications to biological macromolecules with unprecedented precision.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.365
Quantum chemistry is a branch of science that seeks to understand the behavior of atoms and molecules at the most fundamental level, using the principles of quantum mechanics. It plays a crucial role in a wide range of fields, from drug design and materials science to environmental research and theoretical physics. Density Functional Theory (DFT) has emerged as a versatile and powerful tool within quantum chemistry, enabling researchers to make accurate predictions and gain valuable insights into the electronic structure and properties of molecules and materials. Density functional theory, while a contemporary cornerstone of quantum chemistry, has its roots in the early 20th century. The foundational concept behind DFT can be traced back to the famous Thomas-Fermi model, developed by Llewellyn Thomas and Enrico Fermi in the 1920s. This model aimed to describe the electron density in a system by considering the electron-electron interactions and electron-nuclear interactions. However, the Thomas-Fermi model was quite rudimentary and lacked the accuracy necessary for practical applications.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.366
The development of new drugs is a complex and resource-intensive process that plays a crucial role in advancing healthcare and improving the quality of life for individuals around the world. One of the most significant challenges in drug discovery is identifying compounds that exhibit the desired therapeutic effects while minimizing adverse side effects. This is where chemoinformatics, an interdisciplinary field that combines chemistry, biology and informatics, comes into play. Chemoinformatics plays a pivotal role in rational drug design, allowing researchers to harness the power of data and computational tools to accelerate the drug discovery process.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.367
Industrial chemistry and petrochemicals play a pivotal role in shaping the modern world. They are the driving force behind countless products and technologies that we rely on daily. Petrochemicals are chemicals derived from petroleum or natural gas, which serve as the building blocks for a wide range of products. This industry encompasses the production of fuels, plastics, chemicals and more, contributing significantly to global economic development. Fuels are perhaps the most recognizable products of the petrochemical industry. The power our cars, heat our homes and keep industries running. Crude oil, extracted from beneath the Earth's surface, is refined into a variety of products, including gasoline, diesel, jet fuel and more. These fuels are indispensable, but their production and use have significant environmental implications, particularly regarding greenhouse gas emissions. As society seeks cleaner alternatives, the petrochemical industry is also exploring cleaner fuel options, such as biofuels and hydrogen, to mitigate its impact on the environment.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.368
Water is often referred to as "liquid gold" due to its vital role in sustaining life and fueling various industrial processes. However, the growing demands of a rapidly developing world have put immense pressure on the world's freshwater resources. As a result, water treatment has become an indispensable component of industrial chemistry, ensuring the availability of clean and safe water for both human consumption and industrial applications. Industrial chemistry, a branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical processes involved in the production of goods, plays a crucial role in water treatment. It involves a complex interplay of various chemical and physical processes to remove impurities and contaminants from water, making it suitable for various uses. Let's delve deeper into the fascinating world of industrial chemistry and its significance in purifying this "liquid gold."
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.369
Industrial chemistry plays a crucial role in agriculture, particularly in crop protection and fertilizer production. It involves the development and production of various chemicals and chemical processes that help enhance crop yields, protect crops from pests and diseases and improve soil fertility. Industrial chemistry is essential for the development and production of pesticides and herbicides that help control and eliminate pests, weeds and diseases that can harm crops. These chemicals are designed to be effective while minimizing environmental impacts and health risks. Fertilizers are crucial for providing essential nutrients to crops. Industrial chemistry is involved in the production of synthetic fertilizers, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (NPK fertilizers), as well as micronutrient fertilizers. These fertilizers help improve soil fertility and ensure that crops receive the necessary nutrients for healthy growth.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.370
Peptides and proteins are fundamental components of life, serving as the building blocks of various biological processes and playing a crucial role in the development of modern medicine. These complex molecules are involved in a myriad of functions within living organisms, from catalyzing biochemical reactions to providing structural support. Understanding the processes of peptide and protein synthesis is key to unraveling the mysteries of life and harnessing their potential in medicine. At their core, peptides and proteins are made up of amino acids, often referred to as the "alphabet of life." Amino acids are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen and they are linked together in specific sequences to form the diverse range of peptides and proteins found in nature. The unique sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein dictates its structure and function.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.371
Polymers have played a pivotal role in the field of medicine for decades, contributing to various applications that have transformed the way we deliver drugs and engineer tissues. Polymer chemistry, with its ability to design and tailor materials at the molecular level, has opened new avenues in drug delivery and tissue engineering. In this article, we will explore the significant advances made in these two critical areas of medical science, thanks to the innovative use of polymers. While polymer-based tissue engineering has made significant strides, several challenges persist. These include achieving long-term tissue functionality, vascularization and immune compatibility. Looking to the future, the combination of polymer chemistry, advanced biomaterials and cutting-edge technologies like CRISPR gene editing and bioprinting holds the potential to create fully functional, patient-specific tissues and organs. This could revolutionize transplantation, reduce the organ shortage crisis and open new avenues for regenerative medicine.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.372
Food packaging plays a critical role in ensuring the safety and quality of the products we consume. In recent years, there has been a significant shift towards the use of polymers in food packaging, driven by the need to extend shelf life, enhance food safety and reduce environmental impact. This innovative approach not only benefits manufacturers and consumers but also contributes to the sustainability of our planet. Polymers, which are large molecules made up of repeating subunits, have gained popularity as a primary material for food packaging due to their versatility, costeffectiveness and the wide range of properties they can offer. Here, we will explore how polymers are improving the shelf life and safety of food products.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.373
Astrophysics, the study of the universe, has long captivated the human imagination. It explores the cosmos, its stars, galaxies and the fundamental forces governing the celestial bodies. But there is more to the universe than meets the eye; it is a place of extraordinary complexity and breathtaking beauty, often shaped by the forces of chemistry. In this article, we delve into the fascinating intersection of quantum chemistry and astrophysics, showing how these two disciplines help us unlock the secrets of the chemistry of the cosmos. Astrophysics deals with the study of celestial objects, their behavior and the underlying physical laws governing the universe. However, many astrophysical phenomena are not solely explained by classical physics and often require a deep understanding of quantum mechanics and chemistry.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.393
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.387
Histochemistry, a field that merges the study of chemistry with the exploration of historical artifacts, has become an invaluable tool for unraveling the mysteries of our past. By applying chemical techniques to analyze the composition of materials found in archaeological sites, historians and scientists can gain deeper insights into the lifestyles, technologies and environments of ancient civilizations. Histochemistry is the scientific discipline concerned with the identification and localization of chemical components within biological tissues and other samples. Originally developed for biological research, histochemistry has found wide-ranging applications in fields such as medicine, forensics and archaeology. In the context of historical research, histochemistry allows scientists to analyze the composition of artifacts, residues and remains, shedding light on various aspects of ancient societies.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.384
In the intricate dance of nature, every element plays a vital role. However, as human activity continues to exert unprecedented pressure on the environment, maintaining this delicate equilibrium becomes increasingly challenging. From industrial emissions to agricultural runoff, our actions have tangible impacts on air, water and soil quality, posing significant threats to ecosystems and human health alike. In the quest for sustainable development, understanding and mitigating these impacts require precise measurement and analysis—enter environmental analytical chemistry. Environmental analytical chemistry serves as a cornerstone in the scientific arsenal aimed at safeguarding our planet. By employing sophisticated techniques and methodologies, environmental chemists scrutinize pollutants, trace elements and contaminants, unraveling their sources, behaviors and effects on the environment. In this article, we delve into the pivotal role of environmental analytical chemistry in balancing nature's equation, exploring its methodologies, applications and future prospects in the pursuit of a healthier, more sustainable world.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.385
Chemical biology is a dynamic interdisciplinary field that amalgamates principles of chemistry and biology to elucidate and manipulate biological systems at the molecular level. It stands at the intersection of these two disciplines, utilizing chemical tools and techniques to investigate complex biological phenomena. By leveraging the precision and versatility of chemical synthesis, chemical biologists unravel the intricacies of biological processes and develop innovative strategies for disease diagnosis, drug discovery and therapeutic interventions. At its core, chemical biology seeks to decipher the chemical language of biological systems. Central to this endeavor is the synthesis and design of chemical probes, small molecules and biomolecular agents that interact selectively with specific biological targets. These tools serve as molecular probes to interrogate the functions, interactions and dynamics of biomolecules within living systems. Through the integration of synthetic chemistry, bioinformatics and structural biology, chemical biologists engineer molecules with tailored properties to dissect intricate cellular processes.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.386
Cryogenics, the science of extremely low temperatures, has always captivated the human imagination with its potential to unlock new frontiers in various fields. Within this domain lies cryochemistry, a discipline that explores the fascinating behavior of chemical reactions and compounds at cryogenic temperatures. As we delve into the world of cryochemistry, we uncover a realm where molecules dance to the tune of frigidity, revealing insights that redefine our understanding of matter and its interactions. Cryochemistry, at its core, involves studying chemical reactions and properties at temperatures nearing absolute zero (-273.15°C or 0 Kelvin). These ultra-low temperatures drastically alter the behavior of molecules, leading to intriguing phenomena. One of the most fundamental effects of cryogenics is the dramatic slowdown of molecular motion. At such low temperatures, molecules lose much of their kinetic energy, causing them to move sluggishly. This sluggishness has profound implications for chemical reactions, as reaction rates plummet, enabling scientists to observe and manipulate reactions in ways impossible at higher temperatures.
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DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.392
Chemical Sciences Journal received 912 citations as per Google Scholar report
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