Handias Meilinda*, Husein H. Bahti, Anni Anggraeni and Syulastri Effendi
Separation and purification of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) from their mixture are is not easy, because of their similar physico-chemical properties. Therefore, efforts to separate and purify them by the Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) because of their simplicity, effectivity and efficiency. In this study, the emulsion was made by mixing Span-80 as a surfactant, the Tributylphosphate (TBP) or Di-2-Ethylhexylphosphate (D2EHPA) as extractants in N-Hexane, and Nitric Acid as the internal phase, followed by extraction with a mixture of Gd(III) and Sm(III) in nitric acid as an external phase. The emulsion was made using an experimental design with a two-level factorial design method to select parameters that had a significant influence on the response of swelling ratios and creaming number in the separation of Gd(III) from Sm(III). The results of the study showed that the parameters selected were: Internal acidic concentration (0.5 M), surfactant concentration (2.9%), ligand concentration (0.1%), emulsification stirring speed (10000 rpm), external acid concentration (5.8 M), type of ligand (1= ligand code D2EHPA), extraction stirring speed (500 rpm) Furthermore, the data obtained from the research results show that the swelling ratio value was 0,0007 and the creaming rate was -0.0082. The two response values approached the 0 (zero) value, meaning that the resulting liquid emulsion was stable and good for its use in the separation of Gd(III) from Sm(III) by the emulsion liquid membrane method.
Khalid Wahdan*, Zaid Alnedawi, Ali M Hassan, Hind Hadi and Ahmed Shabana
Simple and sensitive method was proposed for enrichment and determination of Oxymetazoline (OMZ) in its pharmaceutical matrix through Cloud Point Extraction (CPE) technique, the method depends on forming misciles by using non-ionic surfactant triton-x114 to enrichment colored azo dye product that results from diazotization-coupling reaction of the OMZ drug with diazotized metoclopramide (also drug) in alkaline medium and subsequently detected spectrophotometrically at 510 nm. The optimal reaction and pre-concentration (such as PH, surfactant concentration, temperature and centrifugations time) conditions optimized, under the optimized conditions, the analytical characteristics were obtained, linearity was obeyed in the range of 0.05-17.0 μg.ml-1 the limit of detection and the limit of quantification calculated to be 0.047 and 0.15 μg.ml-1, respectively and enrichment factor was 20. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Oxymetazoline (OMZ) in commercial nasals.
Bambang Wahyudi* and Srie Muljani
The synthesis of edible film from taro starch has been studied as a strategy for the manufacture of biodegradable food packaging. This study aims to examine the effect of the starch: Chitosan ratio and glycerol concentration on the characteristics of the edible film and to obtain an edible film in accordance with the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS). The research included two steps, the first stage of making taro starch (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) and the second stage of making edible films with variations of Chitosan Starch (2: 0, 1,8: 0.2, 1)., 6: 0.4, 1, 4: 0.6, and 1.8: 0.2) and glycerol variations (1; 1.5; 2; 2.5 and 3%). The edible film that fulfills JIS is found in starch concentration: Chitosan 1,2: 0.8 with glycerol concentration 2.5% has a thickness of 0.25 mm, tensile strength 0.454 MPa, elongation 71.70%, young modulus 0.216 MPa, solubility in water 64.104%, and biodegradation 86.83%. The IR Spectrum edible film shows the presence of OH- and Ester (COOH) groups which characterize hydrophilic properties.
Sachin Babar*, S. L. Padwal and P. V. Raut
DOI: 10.37421/ 2150-3494.2024.15.3.290
The present paper reports the simple, rapid, accurate and precise RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Perindopril erbumine and Amlodipine besylate in bulk and formulated drug substance. The reverse phase liquid chromatographic analysis has been performed on a Kromasil C8 (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 µ particle size) column with mobile phase Buffer (6.8 g Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate) and Acetonitrile in the ratio 59:41 with adjusted pH 2.6 with orthophosphoric acid and column oven temperature 40°C. The flow rate of mobile phase was adjusted 1.0 ml/min. and the injection volume 10 µl. Detection was performed at 210 nm. The retention time of Perindopril erbumine and Amlodipine Besylate were found to be 4.483 min. and 6.767 min, the linearity was observed in the concentration range from 20% to 160% of nominal concentration of Perindopril erbumine and Amlodipine Besylate correlation coefficient was 0.999 for both drugs. The % recovery was found to be within the limits of the acceptance criteria with average recovery of 99.4% for perindopril erbumine and 99.6% for Amlodipine besylate. The % RSD below 2.0 shows high precision of proposed method.
Deepa Dumbreabd*, Vasant R Choudharya, H Balochb, MTH Siddiquib, N Sabzoib, ML Kantamc, MK Dongred and S Umbarkard
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.3.290
A highly efficient, solvent-free and versatile greener protocol was developed for the synthesis of coumarins from resorcinol an ethyl acetoacetate via Pechmann condensation using heterogeneous recyclable FeCl3/MCM41 catalyst. This method is simple, cost effective, and benefits from the elimination of waste streams generated with conventional acid catalysts. The influence of catalyst calcination temperature as well as various solvent on conversion and product selectivity has also been studied in this work. The developed FeCl3/ MCM41 catalysts showed excellent catalytic performance with 60%-75% yields for coumarins, depending on the catalyst pretreatment and reaction conditions used. Moreover, FeCl3/MCM41 catalyst treated at 400°C can be reused efficiently for five times without a significant loss of its activity, which was attributed to synergistic effects of metal-support interactions, especially unique acid-redox properties of FeCl3.
Sujith*, Chudamani B and Subhas S Karki
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.3.304
All the compounds (CH-69 to CH-84) were evaluated for their cytostatic activity against human HeLa cervix carcinoma cells, human CEM CD4þ T-lymphocytes as well as murine L1210 cells. All assays were performed in 96 well microtiter plates. To each well were added (5-7.5) × 104 tumor cells and a given amount of the test compound. The cells were allowed to proliferate for 48 h (murine leukemia L1210 cells) or 72 h (human lymphocytic CEM and human cervix carcinoma HeLa cells) at 37°C in a humidified CO2 controlled atmosphere. At the end of the incubation period, the cells were counted in a coulter counter. The IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) was defined as the concentration of the compound that inhibited cell proliferation by 50%. The cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of a new series of 2-arylimidazo[2,1-b] [1,3,4]thiadiazol-6-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one against different MDCK cell cultures, HeLa cell cultures, vero cell cultures, CRFK cell cultures is reported. Among the tested compounds, inhibitory effects of compounds (CH-69 to CH-84) on the proliferation of murine leukemia cells (L1210) and human T-lymphocyte cells (CEM) and human cervix carcinoma cells (HeLa).
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.3.310
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.3.311
Steel and iron are the most seriously utilized metals because of their reasonableness; nonetheless, they are defenseless to erosion (rust), which is a worldwide pestilence.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.3.312
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.3.313
AM Elessawy*, AA El-Barbary and Eman A ElBastawissy
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.3.329
New bromazepam derivatives namely; 7-bromo-5-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo[e] [1,4]diazepine -2-thione and 7-bromo-1-(4,6- dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo[e] [1,4]diazepin-2-one have been prepared and characterized by spectroscopic methods (FT-IR, 1H-NMR, UV-visible and EI-mass). Furthermore, the fluorometric method has been developed to detect bromazepam in biological fluid. The new methods are based on measuring excitation and emission spectra of the reaction of bromazepam with cyanuric chloride in pyridine solution compared with excitation and emission spectra free bromazepam in methanolic solution.
Kebede Mamo*, Yared Shewarega and Aklilu Melese
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.3.330
Aflatoxin producing substances are extremely dangerous to humans and can result in cancer when taken in foods contaminated with aflatoxin. In this study, the levels of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) in samples of maize collected from several Shebelle Zone districts were quantified. It was examined using a fluorescence detector and UHPLC. The extraction solvents (80:20 v/v percent) were methanol and water. Standard solutions of aflatoxins between 0.5 and 7 g/kg (ppb) demonstrated strong linearity from the calibration curve with regression coefficient (R2) values of >0.9989. The spiked sample average percentage recoveries ranged from 89.78 to 97.87 percent. The average total aflatoxin values in the maize samples from K1, K2, and K3 were 0.14, 356.19, and 174.05 g/kg, respectively. Except for K1, all of the investigated maize samples had aflatoxin levels that above the upper tolerance limits established by international agencies like WHO, and the EU.
Mohitha Pushparaj, Kizhaeral S. Subramanyam* and Raveendran Muthurajan
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.3.374
Rice is a staple food for more than 50% of the global population and there is close relationship between rice eaters and the prevalence of diabetes. Among the landraces, ‘Kavuni’ is considered as a traditional brownish black variety which is extensively cultivated in the southern part of India, Tamil Nadu. The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University is among the first State Agricultural University to release therapeutic rice in 2023 as Co.57. This study aimed to identify and quantify the major anti-diabetic compounds present in Kavuni rice grain extracted using various solvents. Metabolite profiling using LC-QTOF-MS analysis has revealed that 31 phytochemicals detected among them anthocyanins and flavonoids are predominant. Ethanolic extract of Kavuni rice grain had the highest concentration of anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (61.31 ± 0.04 mg/g). The highest antioxidant activities in the ethanolic extract of Kavuni rice were detected as 89.51 ± 0.1% and 82.97 ± 0.09% measured using anti-oxidant assays. Further, Kavuni rice had the highest inhibition of carbohydrate digestive enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) 82.30% and 70.21%, respectively. The data clearly demonstrated that land race “Kavuni” carries phytochemicals that are known to regular postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting anti-diabetic enzyme could lower the risk of developing Type-2 diabetes.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2022.13.324
N-Trifluoromethanesulfonamides (CF3SO2NHR, TfNHR) have found extensive use in natural union over the past two decades as reagents, catalysts, additives, and substituents that alter reactivity and organic movement in a variety of substrates. Early surveys on the subject of triflamide and its subordinates were conducted, which supports the enormous interest in such constructs. Triflamides are among the most grounded NH- acids since they have significant areas of strength for a pulling out CF3SO2 bunch in their design (pKa (in H2O) for TfNH2 is 6.33, pKa (in H2O) for Tf2NH is 2.8). This characteristic determines how triflamides are used in natural blends, in the production of pharmaceutically and organically active chemicals, as well as in various industries.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.329
Natural products have long been a source of fascination for chemists, biologists and pharmacologists due to their diverse structures and remarkable biological activities. These compounds, derived from plants, animals and microorganisms, have played a crucial role in the development of new drugs and therapeutic agents. Exploring the chemistry of natural products, including their synthesis and biological applications, has become a vibrant area of research, with scientists striving to uncover their secrets and harness their potential for the benefit of society. In this article, we delve into the world of natural products, highlighting the synthesis strategies employed and their significant biological applications.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2022.13.325
The most popular method for restricting or protecting metal from damaging mediums is natural coating. However, there are inherent problems with the use of the majority of covering frameworks, including epoxies, acrylic, polyurethanes, and so forth. Prudent actions have been known to produce unfavourable outcomes. Changes to the surface coatings of the films provide a security barrier between the film and the substrate. When compared to their unmodified structure, built-up polymers have better characteristics and can withstand harsh circumstances.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2022.13.326
Managing complexity is one of modern culture's fundamental goals. Unbalanced organocatalysis is an important mechanical stage in the case of the major claimed by science and catalysis towards the supportability aims. Despite being a generally young field, List and MacMillan recently received the Nobel Prize in recognition of their tremendous impact.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2022.13.327
Plasma is described as semi-neutral plasma of charged, unbiased particles that exhibits collective behaviour. The distinctive features that distinguish plasma from other release characteristics are applied in many contemporary and research sectors, such as regulating the component particles for specific uses.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2022.13.328
Polymer materials are frequently used in aviation, armed forces offices, medical services hardware, programmed handling, and other industries due to their tremendous mechanical strength and high temperature blockage. Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (EG-POSS), a new eugenolfunctionalized confine that exhibits outstanding dissolvability and reactivity with BD-type bismaleimide sap, was designed and assembled.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.330
Organic synthesis plays a pivotal role in drug discovery, serving as the backbone of medicinal chemistry. It involves the design and construction of organic molecules with desired properties and biological activities. Organic synthesis enables the synthesis of diverse chemical libraries, lead optimization and the development of novel therapeutic agents. In this article, we explore how organic synthesis empowers drug discovery by providing innovative strategies, facilitating the synthesis of complex molecules and driving advancements in the pharmaceutical industry. we explore the innovations and applications of organic synthesis in drug discovery, highlighting its indispensable role in the development of new drugs and the advancement of the pharmaceutical industry.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.331
Organocatalysis is a branch of catalysis that involves the use of small organic molecules, called organocatalysts, to accelerate chemical reactions. Unlike traditional catalytic processes that often employ transition metals or enzymes, organocatalysis relies on the reactivity of functional groups within organic molecules to activate substrates and facilitate transformations. The concept of organocatalysis dates back several decades, but it has gained significant attention and recognition in recent years due to its broad applicability and sustainable nature. Organocatalysis offers several advantages over other catalytic methods, including mild reaction conditions, high selectivity, and compatibility with a wide range of functional groups. Additionally, organocatalysts are often readily available, cost-effective, and have low toxicity, making them attractive for industrial applications.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.332
Neurological disorders present significant challenges to public health and quality of life, affecting millions of people worldwide. These disorders, encompassing conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and epilepsy, are characterized by complex pathophysiological mechanisms and a lack of effective treatments. In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on unraveling the neurological frontier through the discovery of potent drug candidates. This article delves into the ongoing quest for novel therapeutics in the treatment of neurological disorders, highlighting the innovative strategies and promising advancements in medicinal chemistry.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.333
The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway in the wrist that allows the median nerve and several tendons to pass from the forearm to the hand. The carpal tunnel retinaculum, also known as the flexor retinaculum, is a thick band of connective tissue that forms the roof of the carpal tunnel. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the wrist and ensuring the smooth movement of the tendons and nerves that pass through the carpal tunnel.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.354
The field of organic chemistry has witnessed remarkable advancements in recent years, leading to the development of novel building blocks with unparalleled versatility and functionality. These organic building blocks have opened up exciting possibilities in the design, synthesis and application of functional materials across various industries. Organic building blocks are fundamental molecular entities that serve as the foundation for the construction of more complex organic compounds. These building blocks are the basic units of organic chemistry and play a crucial role in the synthesis of a wide range of organic molecules, including pharmaceuticals, polymers, agrochemicals and materials used in various industries. Organic building blocks come in various forms, each with its unique chemical properties and reactivity, making them versatile tools for chemists and researchers. In this article, we will explore the significance of organic building blocks and their role in the field of chemistry.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.355
In a world increasingly concerned with environmental sustainability, chemistry is emerging as a key player in addressing some of the planet's most pressing challenges. From climate change to resource depletion, the field of chemistry is breaking new ground in developing innovative and sustainable solutions. One of the most exciting frontiers in this endeavour is green synthesis, a concept that is revolutionizing the way we produce chemicals, materials and pharmaceuticals while minimizing environmental impact. The 21st century has brought with it a growing awareness of the environmental consequences of industrial processes and chemical manufacturing. Traditional chemical synthesis often relies on hazardous reagents, generates copious amounts of waste and consumes non-renewable resources. These practices contribute significantly to pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and the depletion of natural resources.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.356
In the world of organic synthesis, the ability to selectively functionalize Carbon-Hydrogen (C-H) bonds has long been a holy grail. The direct transformation of C-H bonds into valuable chemical functionalities could revolutionize the way we build complex molecules. Transition-metalcatalyzed C-H activation has emerged as a powerful tool to achieve this goal. Recent advances in this field have opened up exciting opportunities for precision functionalization, transforming the way chemists approach synthesis and offering new pathways to challenging molecules. Transitionmetal- catalyzed C-H activation is a groundbreaking technique in the field of organic chemistry. It involves the use of transition metal catalysts to facilitate the direct transformation of Carbon-Hydrogen (C-H) bonds into more valuable chemical functionalities without the need for prior functional group manipulation. This approach has revolutionized the way chemists synthesize complex molecules and has found wide-ranging applications in the pharmaceutical, materials science and chemical industries.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.357
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, represent a significant and growing global health challenge. These disorders, characterized by the progressive degeneration of nerve cells, lead to debilitating cognitive and motor impairments. As the global population ages, the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is on the rise, making it imperative to develop effective therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in the field of drug discovery have paved the way for the development of highly selective kinase inhibitors, offering new hope for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Kinases are a class of enzymes that play a crucial role in cell signaling and regulation. They are responsible for phosphorylating proteins, thereby activating or deactivating various cellular processes. Aberrant kinase activity has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases. Dysregulated kinases can lead to the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, all of which contribute to the progression of these diseases.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.358
Nature has always been a treasure trove of chemical compounds, many of which have been harnessed for their medicinal, culinary and industrial applications. From the ancient use of plants and minerals in traditional medicine to the modern isolation and synthesis of complex molecules, the study of natural products has been integral to the advancement of chemistry and its practical applications. Natural products are chemical compounds produced by living organisms, typically of plant, animal, or microbial origin. These compounds often serve crucial roles in the organisms that produce them, such as defense mechanisms or communication signals. Due to their complexity and diversity, natural products have been a rich source of inspiration and innovation in chemistry.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.359
In today's rapidly evolving industrial landscape, sustainability has become a paramount concern. Industries are under increasing pressure to minimize their environmental footprint, reduce waste, and optimize resource usage. Innovative chemical engineering plays a pivotal role in achieving these objectives. It not only enhances the efficiency of industrial processes but also opens the door to novel, environmentally friendly solutions. This article explores how innovative chemical engineering practices are driving industrial sustainability. One of the cornerstones of industrial sustainability is the adoption of green chemistry principles. Green chemistry focuses on the design, development, and implementation of chemical processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Innovations in chemical engineering have enabled industries to create safer and more environmentally friendly products and processes.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.360
Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the study of carbon-containing compounds, and aromatic compounds are a fascinating subset of organic chemistry. Aromatic compounds are characterized by their unique ring structures and distinctive reactivity patterns. Understanding the mechanisms and reactivity of aromatic compounds is crucial in the field of organic chemistry, as it provides insight into a wide range of chemical processes and applications. In this article, we will explore the organic chemistry of aromatic compounds, including their structural features, key reactions, and mechanisms. Aromatic compounds are defined by the presence of an aromatic ring, a planar, cyclic arrangement of carbon atoms that incorporates alternating single and double bonds. The most famous aromatic compound is benzene, which consists of a hexagonal ring with three double bonds and three single bonds between the carbon atoms. This arrangement of pi electrons creates a stable, delocalized electron cloud above and below the ring, giving rise to the characteristic aromatic properties.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.361
In the realm of healthcare and medicine, the development of new drugs is a constant pursuit aimed at alleviating human suffering and improving quality of life. Organic chemistry plays a pivotal role in this endeavour, serving as the cornerstone of drug discovery and development. Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon atoms, often bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and other elements. These carbon-containing compounds are the building blocks of life, found in everything from DNA to the proteins that make up our bodies. In drug discovery, organic chemistry provides the foundation for understanding and manipulating these essential molecules. One of the primary ways organic chemistry contributes to drug discovery is through the synthesis of novel compounds. Medicinal chemists design and create new molecules with specific chemical structures that can interact with biological targets, such as proteins or enzymes. These synthetic molecules can be modified and optimized to enhance their pharmacological properties, like potency, selectivity, and safety. Organic chemistry techniques, such as retrosynthetic analysis and reaction mechanisms, guide the design and synthesis of these compounds.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.362
Organic electronics have emerged as a promising field in the realm of optoelectronics, offering a wide range of applications from flexible displays to solar cells and wearable technology. Unlike traditional inorganic semiconductors, organic electronics utilize organic materials, such as polymers and small molecules, to harness the unique properties of organic compounds for electronic and optoelectronic devices. Organic electronics have gained considerable attention due to their lightweight, flexibility, and potential for low-cost manufacturing. Polymers, particularly conjugated polymers, have been pivotal in the development of organic electronic devices. Conjugated polymers, composed of repeating conjugated units, have unique electronic properties that make them ideal candidates for optoelectronic applications. Some notable examples of conjugated polymers include polythiophenes, polythienylenes, and polyfluorenes.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.363
Chiral molecules, which possess non-superimposable mirror images or enantiomers, play a pivotal role in various fields, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. The unique properties of chiral compounds often make them essential components of life-saving drugs and advanced materials. Consequently, the development of efficient and selective methods for the synthesis of chiral molecules is of paramount importance. Two of the most powerful strategies in this realm are enantioselective catalysis and asymmetric synthesis. Enantioselective catalysis is a specialized branch of catalysis that focuses on the selective production of a single enantiomer (chiral molecule) from a racemic mixture (a 50:50 mixture of two mirror-image isomers known as enantiomers). This field has had a profound impact on chemistry and various industries, especially pharmaceuticals, where the chirality of molecules can significantly affect their biological activity and safety.
Habauka M. Kwaambwa*, Manoria N. Niingo, Marta A. Elvin, Natalia Shakela, Marius K. Mutorwa, Erold Naomab and Adrian R. Rennie
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.375
The quality of water, whether it is used for non-potable purposes such as cooking, cleaning and other domestic activities, and more so when used as drinking water, is essential. The current methods of water treatment may either be costly or the chemicals used may have health problems associated with them. Curiosity-driven research about the water treatment properties of Moringa seed proteins has led to the development of a water treatment system with Moringa seed powder and eliminates the use of expensive chemicals, with their associated health and environmental effects. The water treatment system with three main water treatment compartments, i.e. a settling or coagulation/flocculation tank, a sand filter and a charcoal filter. The system was used to test the removal of turbidity and microbial pollution indicators from water. Preliminary tests show a reduction of turbidity and microbial pollution indicators by at least 96%. The preliminary results have demonstrated the potential and effectiveness of the Moringa seed powder in wastewater treatment. The next stage of the technology development will be based on applied cross-disciplinary research evolving from the lessons learned from the previous prototypes into a single unit as opposed to having separate standalone compartments.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.374
The field of crystallography has long been a cornerstone of scientific inquiry, allowing researchers to unravel the atomic and molecular structures of a wide range of materials. Electron crystallography, a specialized branch of crystallography, has emerged as a powerful technique for investigating the microscopic world at the atomic and nanoscale levels. This method utilizes electrons rather than X-rays to probe the structure of crystalline materials, providing unique insights into the arrangement of atoms within a crystal lattice. In recent years, there have been remarkable advances in electron crystallography, driven by innovations in electron microscopy, detector technology and computational methods. The most crucial aspect of electron crystallography is the analysis of diffraction patterns produced when electrons interact with the crystal. The diffraction pattern is a result of the interference of scattered electrons, providing information about the crystal's structure. By analyzing the diffraction pattern, scientists can determine the spatial arrangement of atoms in the crystal lattice.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.376
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various industries and reaction engineering is no exception. As the demand for efficient and sustainable processes grows, researchers and engineers are turning to smart approaches enabled by AI to optimize reaction engineering processes. This synergy between AI and reaction engineering holds the promise of enhancing efficiency, reducing costs and minimizing environmental impact. AI, particularly machine learning (ML) and neural networks, has brought about a paradigm shift in process modeling. These advanced algorithms excel at recognizing patterns and relationships within large and intricate data sets. In the context of reaction engineering, AI-driven models can learn from experimental data to create more accurate and predictive representations of chemical processes.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.377
The journey of a drug from its conceptualization in the laboratory to its therapeutic effects in the human body is a complex process that involves drug synthesis, pharmacokinetics and understanding the crucial concepts of bioavailability and metabolism. Drug synthesis is the process of creating pharmaceutical compounds through chemical reactions. This crucial stage in drug development involves designing, optimizing and producing substances with the potential to treat or prevent specific diseases. The synthesis of drugs is a multidisciplinary effort that combines principles of chemistry, pharmacology and often biochemistry to achieve the desired therapeutic effects.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.378
Enzymatic catalysis, the acceleration of chemical reactions by biological catalysts known as enzymes, plays a crucial role in various industries, including food and beverages. From the brewing of beer to the baking of bread, enzymatic reactions contribute to the development of flavors, textures and nutritional profiles in a wide array of products. Enzymes play a pivotal role in the intricate world of baking, contributing to the development of texture, flavour and overall quality in a variety of baked goods. From the leavening of bread to the enhancement of pastry textures, enzymes are key players in the complex chemistry that transforms raw ingredients into delectable treats. Let's explore the essential enzymes involved in baking and their impact on the final products.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.379
Mass Spectrometry (MS) has become a cornerstone technology in forensic science, revolutionizing the way investigators analyze and interpret crime scene evidence. This powerful analytical technique allows forensic scientists to examine substances at the molecular level, providing crucial information for solving crimes and supporting legal proceedings. Here, we delve into the applications, benefits and challenges associated with mass spectrometry in forensic science. Forensic science plays a crucial role in criminal investigations, providing valuable insights that can lead to the identification and prosecution of perpetrators. In recent years, the field has witnessed significant advancements, with mass spectrometry emerging as a powerful tool for analyzing crime scene evidence at the molecular level. Mass spectrometry enables forensic scientists to unravel complex mysteries by examining the unique chemical fingerprints of substances, offering unprecedented accuracy and specificity in criminal investigations.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.380
Polymerization, the process of combining small molecules to form large macromolecules, has emerged as a game-changer in the field of medicine. In particular, polymerization plays a pivotal role in the development of innovative drug delivery systems and biomedical devices, offering new avenues for enhanced therapeutic outcomes and patient care. Polymer-based drug delivery systems represent a cutting-edge approach in the field of medicine, offering precise control over drug release kinetics, enhancing therapeutic efficacy and minimizing adverse effects. This innovative strategy involves the use of polymers to design and fabricate delivery systems that can encapsulate, protect and deliver therapeutic agents in a controlled and targeted manner.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.381
Metabolism is a complex and intricate process that governs how our bodies convert food into energy. At the heart of this intricate dance is a symphony of hormones, the chemical messengers that play a pivotal role in regulating and balancing our body's internal environment. Hormones are instrumental in orchestrating various metabolic processes, ensuring that our bodies function optimally and maintain equilibrium. The intricate workings of the human body are governed by a complex network of chemical messengers known as hormones. Among their many roles, hormones play a pivotal part in regulating metabolism – the process through which our bodies convert food into energy.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.382
Enzymes are the molecular machines that drive the countless chemical reactions within living organisms. These biological catalysts are crucial for maintaining life processes, facilitating reactions that would otherwise occur too slowly to sustain life. Behind the scenes, coenzymes and cofactors play pivotal roles in supporting enzymatic catalysis, acting as essential partners that enable enzymes to carry out their functions effectively. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. They achieve this by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to occur. However, enzymes often require additional assistance from small, non-protein molecules known as coenzymes and cofactors.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2023.14.383
The process of drug synthesis is a complex and intricate task that involves the transformation of raw chemical materials into a therapeutic compound with specific biological activities. One of the key strategies employed in the design and synthesis of pharmaceuticals is retrosynthetic analysis. This powerful method, pioneered by Nobel laureate Elias James Corey, allows chemists to deconstruct a target molecule into simpler precursor molecules, ultimately guiding the synthesis backward from the final product to readily available starting materials. Retrosynthetic analysis is an indispensable tool in the field of organic chemistry, providing a systematic approach to planning the most efficient and feasible route for drug synthesis. Retrosynthetic analysis relies on the identification of key functional groups and strategic disconnections within a target molecule. The goal is to simplify the complex structure of the target compound into smaller, more accessible fragments. This process involves breaking down carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds in a way that allows for the retrosynthetic intermediates to be easily sourced or synthesized. Chemists often use protective groups and selective reactions to control the regio-chemistry and stereochemistry of the synthetic steps.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.384
In the intricate dance of nature, every element plays a vital role. However, as human activity continues to exert unprecedented pressure on the environment, maintaining this delicate equilibrium becomes increasingly challenging. From industrial emissions to agricultural runoff, our actions have tangible impacts on air, water and soil quality, posing significant threats to ecosystems and human health alike. In the quest for sustainable development, understanding and mitigating these impacts require precise measurement and analysis—enter environmental analytical chemistry. Environmental analytical chemistry serves as a cornerstone in the scientific arsenal aimed at safeguarding our planet. By employing sophisticated techniques and methodologies, environmental chemists scrutinize pollutants, trace elements and contaminants, unraveling their sources, behaviors and effects on the environment. In this article, we delve into the pivotal role of environmental analytical chemistry in balancing nature's equation, exploring its methodologies, applications and future prospects in the pursuit of a healthier, more sustainable world.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.385
Chemical biology is a dynamic interdisciplinary field that amalgamates principles of chemistry and biology to elucidate and manipulate biological systems at the molecular level. It stands at the intersection of these two disciplines, utilizing chemical tools and techniques to investigate complex biological phenomena. By leveraging the precision and versatility of chemical synthesis, chemical biologists unravel the intricacies of biological processes and develop innovative strategies for disease diagnosis, drug discovery and therapeutic interventions. At its core, chemical biology seeks to decipher the chemical language of biological systems. Central to this endeavor is the synthesis and design of chemical probes, small molecules and biomolecular agents that interact selectively with specific biological targets. These tools serve as molecular probes to interrogate the functions, interactions and dynamics of biomolecules within living systems. Through the integration of synthetic chemistry, bioinformatics and structural biology, chemical biologists engineer molecules with tailored properties to dissect intricate cellular processes.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.386
Cryogenics, the science of extremely low temperatures, has always captivated the human imagination with its potential to unlock new frontiers in various fields. Within this domain lies cryochemistry, a discipline that explores the fascinating behavior of chemical reactions and compounds at cryogenic temperatures. As we delve into the world of cryochemistry, we uncover a realm where molecules dance to the tune of frigidity, revealing insights that redefine our understanding of matter and its interactions. Cryochemistry, at its core, involves studying chemical reactions and properties at temperatures nearing absolute zero (-273.15°C or 0 Kelvin). These ultra-low temperatures drastically alter the behavior of molecules, leading to intriguing phenomena. One of the most fundamental effects of cryogenics is the dramatic slowdown of molecular motion. At such low temperatures, molecules lose much of their kinetic energy, causing them to move sluggishly. This sluggishness has profound implications for chemical reactions, as reaction rates plummet, enabling scientists to observe and manipulate reactions in ways impossible at higher temperatures.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.387
Histochemistry, a field that merges the study of chemistry with the exploration of historical artifacts, has become an invaluable tool for unraveling the mysteries of our past. By applying chemical techniques to analyze the composition of materials found in archaeological sites, historians and scientists can gain deeper insights into the lifestyles, technologies and environments of ancient civilizations. Histochemistry is the scientific discipline concerned with the identification and localization of chemical components within biological tissues and other samples. Originally developed for biological research, histochemistry has found wide-ranging applications in fields such as medicine, forensics and archaeology. In the context of historical research, histochemistry allows scientists to analyze the composition of artifacts, residues and remains, shedding light on various aspects of ancient societies.
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Green chemistry, a transformative approach to chemical research and industrial processes, seeks to minimize the environmental impact of chemistry. One of its key components is the development of sustainable industrial catalysis. Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed in the process and their application is crucial in the chemical industry. Traditional catalysts, however, often involve toxic or scarce materials and generate hazardous byproducts. The shift towards green catalysis aims to address these issues, leading to more sustainable and eco-friendly industrial practices. Green catalysis incorporates principles of green chemistry, which were formally established in the 1990s. These principles include using safer solvents, reducing waste, increasing energy efficiency and designing less hazardous chemical syntheses. Advances in green catalysis have primarily focused on developing catalysts that are more efficient, selective and environmentally benign.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.395
Biocatalysis, the use of natural catalysts such as protein enzymes to perform chemical transformations on organic compounds, has emerged as a pivotal technology in the field of organic synthesis. This approach harnesses the exquisite specificity and efficiency of enzymes to catalyze reactions under mild conditions, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional chemical processes. Biocatalysis involves the use of natural catalysts, primarily enzymes, to perform chemical transformations on organic compounds. The principles underlying biocatalysis are centered on the unique properties of enzymes, which include high specificity, efficiency and the ability to operate under mild conditions. Understanding these principles is essential for appreciating how biocatalysis can be harnessed for organic synthesis and green chemistry.
DOI: 10.37421/2150-3494.2024.15.396
Organometallic chemistry stands at the forefront of modern chemical research, playing a pivotal role in catalysis, material science and pharmaceuticals. At the heart of this field lie catalytic mechanisms, the intricate processes by which transition metal complexes facilitate chemical reactions. Recent years have witnessed remarkable strides in understanding these mechanisms, driving innovation in diverse applications ranging from sustainable energy to drug synthesis. Catalytic mechanisms in organometallic chemistry involve the activation and transformation of substrates by transition metal complexes. Key to these processes is ligands, which bind to metal centers and modulate their reactivity. Recent advancements have shed light on the dynamic interplay between ligand design, metal coordination and substrate binding, providing insights into reaction pathways and selectivity.
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Polymer chemistry, a cornerstone of materials science, has long been synonymous with innovation, enabling advancements across industries from healthcare to electronics. However, as environmental concerns loom large, the quest for sustainable solutions has led researchers to explore new avenues within polymer chemistry. Among these, the development of sustainable and biodegradable polymers has emerged as a promising frontier, offering eco-friendly alternatives to traditional plastics. Sustainable polymers represent a pivotal aspect of modern materials science, addressing the urgent need for environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional plastics. At their core, sustainable polymers are designed to minimize ecological impact throughout their lifecycle, from raw material extraction to disposal. This concept encompasses various strategies, including the use of renewable resources, efficient synthesis methods and end-of-life considerations. Let's delve deeper into the key elements that define sustainable polymers and their significance in combating environmental challenges.
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Chemical Sciences Journal received 912 citations as per Google Scholar report
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