Nanotechnology in Dermatologic Drug Delivery: Recent Breakthroughs and Applications

Breanna Jenny^*
*Correspondence: Breanna Jenny, Department of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, Email:

Introduction

The field of dermatology has witnessed a significant transformation with the incorporation of nanotechnology into drug delivery systems. Traditional dermatologic treatments often face limitations in terms of drug solubility, permeability through the skin barrier, targeted delivery, and systemic side effects. The skin, particularly the stratum corneum, poses a formidable barrier to therapeutic agents, making efficient topical or transdermal delivery a challenging task. Nanotechnology, through its ability to engineer materials at the molecular and atomic levels, offers innovative solutions to these challenges. It allows for the development of nanocarriers that enhance drug stability, improve skin penetration, and provide controlled and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. Recent breakthroughs in nanotechnology have introduced various nanosystems into dermatologic applications, marking a new era in the treatment of skin diseases ranging from infections and inflammation to malignancies and cosmetic concerns [1].

Nanocarriers such as liposomes, niosomes, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs), Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs), dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles are at the forefront of dermatologic drug delivery. These systems are designed to overcome the limitations of conventional formulations by modifying the physicochemical properties of drugs, enhancing their solubility, and facilitating their passage through the skin. Liposomes, composed of phospholipid bilayers, are among the earliest and most widely studied nanocarriers. Their structural similarity to cell membranes allows them to fuse easily with skin cells and release their payload directly into the targeted area. Several studies have demonstrated that liposomal formulations of corticosteroids, antifungals, and anti-acne agents show improved skin deposition and reduced irritation compared to traditional creams or gels [2].

Description

Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers represent a more recent advancement. SLNs are composed of biocompatible lipids that are solid at room and body temperature, providing a stable matrix for drug incorporation. NLCs, which combine solid and liquid lipids, offer higher drug loading capacity and more sustained release profiles. These systems have shown particular promise in the delivery of anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents in dermatology. Their ability to localize the drug within the epidermis and dermis while minimizing systemic absorption enhances efficacy and reduces side effects, a critical benefit in treating chronic skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema. Dendrimers, with their branched, tree-like structures, offer another promising platform. Their surface functional groups can be modified to enhance biocompatibility and drug-binding capacity. They have been explored for delivering antimicrobial agents in wound care, antioxidants in anti-aging products, and chemotherapeutic agents in cutaneous oncology. Dendrimers have the unique advantage of being able to carry both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, which expands their utility across a broad spectrum of dermatologic therapies.

Recent innovations have also led to the development of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers. These systems are designed to release their payload in response to specific environmental triggers such as pH changes, temperature, enzymes, or light. In dermatology, where localized treatment is often essential, such responsiveness allows for precise control of drug release in diseased tissues while sparing healthy skin. For example, pH-sensitive nanoparticles can exploit the slightly acidic environment of inflamed or infected skin to release antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drugs directly at the site of pathology. Similarly, light-sensitive systems have been developed for use in photodynamic therapy, enhancing the delivery and activation of photosensitizers used in treating skin cancers and precancerous lesions. Nanotechnology has also made significant inroads into cosmetic dermatology. Nanoemulsions and nanocrystals are being incorporated into formulations for anti-aging, skin whitening, and sun protection. These nanocarriers enhance the penetration of active ingredients like retinoids, vitamin C, and coenzyme Q10, leading to improved outcomes with lower concentrations and less irritation. Additionally, nanoparticles of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are now commonly used in sunscreens. These nanosized particles offer effective broad-spectrum UV protection while maintaining cosmetic acceptability by eliminating the white residue traditionally associated with mineral sunscreens.

In the context of dermatologic infections, nanotechnology has enabled more effective topical antimicrobial therapy. Silver nanoparticles, in particular, have shown potent antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity and are increasingly used in wound dressings and burn care. Their mechanism involves disrupting microbial membranes, generating reactive oxygen species, and inhibiting replication, all while promoting wound healing and reducing inflammation. Similarly, nanoformulations of antifungal agents like terbinafine and clotrimazole have demonstrated enhanced dermal retention and faster resolution of cutaneous mycoses. In oncologic dermatology, nanocarrier systems are being explored for the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to cutaneous tumors. This approach not only enhances drug accumulation in the tumor tissue through the enhanced permeability and retention effect but also reduces systemic toxicity. Nanoencapsulated doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and 5-fluorouracil are under investigation for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Furthermore, topical delivery of siRNA and gene-editing tools using nanoparticles offers exciting possibilities in modulating gene expression in skin cancers, although clinical translation remains in early stages.

Conclusion

Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative force in dermatologic drug delivery, offering new possibilities for treating both common and complex skin disorders. Its ability to enhance penetration, provide controlled release, and improve the therapeutic index of drugs is changing the landscape of dermatologic care. While certain challenges remain, including safety, regulatory, and cost issues, the future of nanotechnology in dermatology appears promising. Continued research, interdisciplinary collaboration, and responsible development will be key to unlocking its full potential and integrating these advanced systems into routine clinical practice for improved patient outcomes.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.

References

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