Shilpa Deshpande
Abbott J Haron
Arpita Bhattacharjee
Feng Zhao, Dingning Zhang and Jie Zhang
The distribution of the underground economy in China shows obvious regional differences and has an important impact on the environmental pollution of relevant provinces. The spatial data analysis method is used to study the spatial differences between central and peripheral areas and between developed and backward areas in China’s underground economy, and the degree of provincial environmental pollution has significant spatial dependence. On this basis, the spatial error model and spatial lag model are further used to empirically analyze the impact of the underground economy and its scale on China’s environmental pollution, and the impact degree of underground economic growth on the ecological environment in various provinces of China is discussed. The research results show that there is a negative correlation between the underground economy and environmental pollution in various provinces of China, and the development of and changes in the underground economy and the way it acts on the macroeconomic determine the sustainability of this relationship. In addition, the impact degree of China’s provincial underground economic growth on the ecological environment differs in different regions. The impact of the underground economy on the ecological environment in the eastern and central regions is most significant from the early stage to the middle stage, and the impact of the underground economy on the ecological environment in the western region is most obvious in the middle stage.
Timothy Fry* and Yu Tian
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.599
First-Price-Sealed-Bid (FPSB) are widely used in both the public and private sectors. In a FPSB procurement common value auction, a seller must first estimate their cost to provide the product requested by the buyer and then determine a bid amount by adding a markup to the cost estimate. This markup must consider desired profits as well as informational uncertainties regarding the cost estimates since actual costs of production are known only after the product is produced. In this paper, we investigate the impact of better cost estimates on firm profitability and bidding strategy in a two- and three-bidder auction. Based on field data from over 1000 procurement auctions, we assume that errors in cost estimation follow a normal distribution. This assumption greatly complicates the analysis such that finding an analytical solution is unlikely. Therefore, using a numerical solution approach, we find the equilibrium solution for each type of seller under a variety of parameter settings. We find that advantaged sellers will be more profitable yet submit more aggressive bids. These results depend on the number of advantaged and disadvantaged sellers competing. Indeed, if there is more than a single advantaged seller competing, they will submit very aggressive bids resulting in profits that may actually decrease as each gets better at estimating costs. Our results provide a clear understanding as to the importance of accurate product cost estimates and extends the research on the effects of cost estimation accuracy in procurement auctions.
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.602
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.e108
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.e107
Rural areas in Kogi State Nigeria are facing neglect with attendant rise in the rates of poverty, unemployment and general underdevelopment thereby aggravating rural-urban migration. The underdevelopment of rural areas in the State calls for modern day innovations that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) offers. This study investigated the impact of ICT on rural development in Kogi State from the perspectives of poverty reduction. The study was based on the neoclassical theory of poverty. Multi-stage sampling method was adopted to select 10 households each from 120 rural communities that were earlier randomly selected from the 21 Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the State. This makes a total sample of 1,200 households used in the survey. Three models of regression were estimated in the study using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique. The results show that access to, ownership and utilization of ICT by households have had positive and statistically significant impact on poverty reduction in rural areas of Kogi State at 5% significance level. The study concluded that access, ownership and utilization of ICT have positively impacted the people in rural areas of Kogi State. The study recommended that Kogi State government, Non- Governmental Organizations and individual philanthropists should establish more ICT training centers and Community Internet Service Centers (CISC) in rural areas. Also, rural dwellers in Kogi State should make themselves available for ICT training.
Yacouba Conde* and Zhoulianying
In the machine learning technique, the knowledge graph is advancing swiftly; however, the basic models are not able to grasp all the affluence of the script that comes from the different personal web graphics, social media, ads, and diaries, etc., ignoring the semantic of the basic text identification. The knowledge graph provides a real way to extract structured knowledge from the texts and desire images of neural network, to expedite their semantics examination. In this study, we propose a new hybrid analytic approach for sentiment evaluation based on knowledge graphs, to identify the polarity of sentiment with positive and negative attitudes in short documents, particularly in 4 chirps. We used the tweets graphs, then the similarity of graph highlighted metrics and algorithm classification pertain sentimentality pre-dictions. This technique facilitates the explicability and clarifies the results in the knowledge graph. Also, we compare our differentiate the embedding’s n-gram based on sentiment analysis and the result is indicated that our study can outperform classical n-gram models, with an F1-score of 89% and recall up to 90%.
Charles Orina* and Fred Sporta
The main objective of this study is to determine mobile banking effects on commercial banks’ operational efficiency. The study looked at mobile banking loans concerning commercial banks operational efficiencies in Kenya. The study was guided by the financial deepening theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 41 commercial banks in Kenya. The study adopted a census survey, using secondary data from Kenya's central bank and the commercial banks' annual financial reports in Kenya. Data on the number of loans and advances issued by the banks. The study covered nine years from 2010-2018. STATA software was used in data analysis, descriptive and statistical inferential. The independent variable was measured against the dependent variable to examine if they affected commercial banks' operational efficiency. Regression equations estimated the relationship between the variables. Hausman test was used to specify the adoption of random effect or fixed effect models in panel data. The Hausman tested and fixed effect model was selected. The diagnostic tests covering heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation, multicollinearity, and normality tests were also conducted. The findings were presented using graphs and tables. The results were as follows: Mobile loans (β=0.474, p<0.05). The study concluded that mobile banking loans had a significant effect on commercial banks' operational efficiency in Kenya. The study recommended that commercial banks invest more in mobile loans since it had a positive relationship with commercial banks' operational efficiency in Kenya. The study results would enhance the adoption of more financial innovation in the banking industry that would contribute to the economy's overall grow.
Shelter is one of the main desires of mankind and it is by far very important for the physical survival of man. The adequacy and excellence of housing is a testament to productivity, happiness and satisfaction. However, in Ethiopia, it is very difficult to build a house of your own or buy or even rent one. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to examine the determinants of urban housing choice in the town of Debre Berhan, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. This study shows that socioeconomic and institutional factors are the determinants of urban housing choice. The paper recommends future studies focusing on the challenges and prospects of urban housing. Increase the ability to provide quality and quantity housing at low prices.
Dimitri Sanga, Ehouman Williams Venance Ahouakan* and N’goran Assigno Frejus Adje
Like East and Central African sub-regions, West Africa performs modestly both in terms of productivity and governance. Low labour productivity in West Africa as well as the resulting lack of competitiveness, poverty and insecurity, increases the probability for this sub-region to not achieve the SDGs by 2030. It is therefore necessary to find ways to improve this. This study is part of this perspective. Beyond the traditional determinants of labour productivity, such as, physical capital stock, human capital and technical progress, it examines whether the quality of public policies and the institutional environment are likely to explain the performances recorded in terms of productivity in ECOWAS countries. Relying upon a neoclassical framework of reference, an econometric analysis is used for this purpose. The results confirm that improvement in the quality of public policies and institutions are overall associated with higher levels of productivity in these countries. However, some specificity is observed at the sectorial levels. Furthermore, the econometric analysis highlights a positive effect of investment and human capital on this productivity. The study recommends that the ECOWAS member states should improve their institutional quality and public policies. This could enable them to derive greater benefit from the implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area agreement (ACFTA).
This study analyzed whether pattern of fuel use follow the fuel stacking hypothesis and factors that affect household fuel use in Woliso town by using cross-sectional data of 2018 for different sources of energy using the Linear Approximation Almost Ideal Demand System (LAAIDS). An estimate of the model is constrained to comply with neoclassical theoretical restrictions on demand, and the model is estimated using Iterative Seemingly Unrelated Regression (ISUR). The result shows that households do not completely switch to consumption of new energies as the energy ladder hypothesis suggests rather diversify their energy consumption in a process of fuel stacking (energy mix). Additionally, the expenditure elasticity’s of demand for energies are expenditure elastic. Not only this, but also, the cross-price elasticity’s of demand for energy sources indicate that there exist energy substitution and complementarity in the study area. Furthermore, we identified prices of all energy sources (except kerosene), household total energy expenditure, and years of education, family size, and residence type as the main determinants of expenditure share of energy sources. We recommend making modern fuels easily accessible, affecting significant factors of household fuel use, environmental related rules and regulations very essential.
This paper explains how to minimize firm loan credit risk and aims to outline various techniques for doing so effectively. It involves credit risk management theories. In this study a sample of 265 persons who were availed loans and customers of banks was chosen to collect opinions through a structured questionnaire in Bangalore. The factors under study were default loan, credit risk, insurance charges, interest rates, credit score and documentation. The results were finding by using descriptive and correlation analysis. Results showed that a connection exists between towards credit score, insurance charges, default loan and interest rates while availing a business loan. Email conversations with consumers of the target bank are used to perform qualitative research. Based on primary data of interviews; this study recommended that these private sector banks' management learn how to protect themselves from the looming threats of excessive credit risk, the importance of which cannot be overstated, as evidenced by the findings, which can have a detrimental influence on their profitability. The thesis' findings emphasize some challenges that limit the case bank's credit risk management, as well as recommendations for further research on the case bank.
The study is aimed at finding relationship between crude oil price in international market and exchange rate of Indian currency. As Indian economy is import dependent with high degree of inclination to crude oil import, the forex outgo due to this impacts Indian economy. The depreciation of Indian currency due to higher demand of USD and increasing trend of import dependency on crude oil aggravates the fiscal framework. The analysis is desired to find causality and auto regressive relationship between these two variables. The real exchange rate return has been compared in the process with real crude oil price which is found after adjusting it with CPI inflation of US. The Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) model was used to identify lag relationship and subsequently lag length criteria was performed. The lag exclusion test specified the significant lag order. The granger causality and block erogeneity test was subsequently performed and the parameters were found to be block exogenous and not granger causal. This outcome was re-established with the help of variance decomposition test. However, the impulse test signifies impact of crude oil price shock on exchange rate of Indian currency and vice versa. The shock analysis also emphasizes the volatility of the parameters on its own shocks. The outcome concludes neither unidirectional nor bidirectional granger causality of the variables with no significant auto regression of the variances of the parameters. The analysis of impulse test confirms the short run impacts on exchange rate due to shock in the oil prices, henceforth which proves the fact about that demand of oil is elastic in short run, which is observed in most of the oil importing and emerging countries.
Siddharth Sharma* and Goinklavanya Goinka
The report underlined the job and the significance of consumer loyalty and devotion. Clients are the connection to business achievement. A business association should zero in on the countless clients, for this consumer loyalty and faithfulness ought to be joined along with the drawn-out objectives. This postulation was actualized to breaking down the connection between consumer loyalty and client relationship. The goal of this exploration is to consider the idea of consumer loyalty, client faithfulness and its relationship. Besides, this proposition contemplates the components that impact consumer loyalty and dedication. This proposition additionally breaks down the components that have sway on consumer loyalty and result in client devotion. Different strategies that have been generally used to gauge consumer loyalty and the resultant consequences of having steadfast clients are introduced.
Harshita Agarwal, Shivang Goyal and Vidhi Agarwal*
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2022.11.637
This research paper strives to examine the impact of digital revolution on the “print business” and the industry of books. The primary objective being the analysis of students under the age of 24 and their preferences when it comes to books and e-books; their requirements of usage of e-books. A questionnaire was circulated among 50 students and conclusions were derived from the same. The status of printed books, growing interest and extent of e-books and the demands of the market today were discovered.
Babatunde Dosumu*, Obuks Ejohwomu, Akilu Yunusa-Kaltungo and Olufemi Daramola
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2022.11.636
In Nigeria, there has been a dearth of study in the field of risk-related cost variability. Due to unreliable cost estimation, variations in cost, length and quality are the direct implications. Cost estimating is difficult, mainly when dealing with uncertainties. The research aims to develop a framework for evaluating the impact of risk on cost estimation through a systematic review. This risk is critical because initial estimates provided to clients serves as bases for planning activities. Theoretical concept was validated via a processual lens of a systematic literature review with cost variability and construction projects as search string within three databases: Scopus, Web of science and EBSCO (BSP) (Business source premium), which were further studied and knowledge or research gaps identified. The review indicated factors causing deviation between final accounts and contract sum varied from 1 to 45, thus meeting objective 1 of the study. Data collection will be achieved using interviews and questionnaires to consider other objectives of peculiarities, severity, effects and ways of mitigating risk, leading to the development of a cost estimating framework that is adjudged an essential tool in risk shedding rather than risk-sharing in project risk management, which would be a solution to cost estimation problems, leading to cost variability in the Nigerian construction industry.
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2022.11.643
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2022.11.645
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2022.11.644
