Laxmi Priya Das
The most important concept is called organizational commitment in the organizational behavior dimensions and human resource management. Organizational commitment occurs in all organizations has a significant effect on the morale of workers. The organizations also require dedicated and responsible personnel. The present study explores the degree to which components of organizational commitment contribute to the faculty members’ behavior in educational institutions. This research is a descriptive correlation study and applied research. The study population includes 163 faculty members. The questionnaire of organizational commitment of Allen Mayer and the questionnaire of organizational citizenship behavior of Podsakoff was applied. Through descriptive statistics, the analysis of data was carried out including frequency, mean, and percentage, and Pearson correlation coefficient with the help of SPSS. Results revealed that there is positive and strong relationship exists between organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior.
Muhammad Waseem Akram, Irfan Ahmad Khan, Ansar Abbas, Mansoor Ahmad Khan Sanwal, Muhammad Farooq Ahmad and Waqar Arshad
While examining the effect of globalization on public purchasing, the role of research and development was neglected before. Globalization is concerned with growing inequality in most highly developed economies, but also with the gap found in the vast majority of emerging economies. In most emerging economies, technological and financial development has led to growing inequality, while its impact on developed economies has been mixed. Furthermore, our findings show that the effects of GDP, foreign direct investment and the supply of unskilled workers to the effects of technology, and the effects of globalization on the supply of skilled workers to the effects of financial growth and also acts as a transmission channel. This research also examines how much the globalization effects public purchasing when R & D plays a mediating role in Pakistan. Data was used from 2002 to 2018 by applying dynamic ARDL simulation model. Dynamic ARDL simulations model has ability to calculate the real positive and negative modification in the independent variables and its influence on the dependent variable. The studied outcomes of dynamic ARDL simulations shows that foreign direct investment, research and development, gross domestic product and economic global index have positive effect on public purchasing in Pakistan while inflation, interest rate have negative effect on public purchasing in Pakistan. Based on the results of this study policy implications are suggested for Pakistan
Shilpa Deshpande
Abbott J Haron
Arpita Bhattacharjee
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.585
By examination reporting methods to determine the effects of a pandemic on the health of the health of a nations’ or geographic entity’s’ population. Is a serious undertaking. The goal is to explain how measurement (or Metrics) can tend to be misleading which may lead to less than optimal decision making by health professionals and similar people in change of health decisions.
Chinyeaka Nwokodi Nwoloziri*, Kenneth Ezebunwa Ndubuisi and Ebere Nwabueze
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.586
This study is an evaluation of impact of effective cargo distribution on Nigerian economy. The rate of unemployment, inflation and high cost of living in Nigeria is becoming alarming. The study is aimed to determine the rate of increase in GDP; effective cargo distribution in Nigeria economy; and the relationship between the dependent and independent variables as used in this study. The data collected on this study are from secondary source online World Bank annual reports. Standard deviation and regression analyses were relevant tools used for data evaluation. The findings of the study identified economic recession, inadequate production of goods, services and low capita income. The standard deviation of Nigeria GDP is below the arithmetic mean which implies that enough goods and services are not produced to spread out over the increasing population. There is effective cargo distribution to the Nigerian population, the standard deviation on GDP per capita shows a well spread out of the data points which signifies that goods and services are properly distributed to the increasing population. The regression analyses tables show that the independent variable explains 74% of the variance of the dependent variable. The f-value is 1.201, and the corresponding significance level is 0.290, hence, the independent variable influences the dependent variable. The regression equation given in this analysis shows that a unit increase in the independent variable will respond to increase in the dependent variable. Therefore, this can be used as a model for benchmark to improve economic growth and development in the Nigerian economy.
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.587
In Ethiopia, given the lower agricultural productivity, insistent food insecurity and massive poverty exists, there has been continued interest in the adoption of agricultural technology and its impact on productivity and poverty in the country. To increase agricultural productivity and thereby to reduce poverty, different empirical studies highly recommended that agricultural technology adoption. The main objective of this paper is to review the ex-post impact of agricultural technology adoption on poverty: Evidence from north Shewa zone of Amhara region, Ethiopia. From the study economic, institutional factors and human specific factors are found to be the determinants of agricultural technology adoption and the adoption of agricultural technology has a direct and significant impact on increasing household's consumption expenditure while also reducing household poverty. The paper recommends future studies focusing on increasing the access and adoptions of agricultural technologies so as to maximize the positive welfare effects of farm households.
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.588
The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect image, service quality and opinion leadership on students’ decision of choosing study programs through word of mouth (WOM) and customer value. The population in 13 undergraduate students in the Management Study Program with a "B" accreditation in Surabaya, with sample is 192 respondents. The model used in this study was tested with a research instrument using the Structural Equation Model. Based on the results of testing using SEM analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn: The image has a significant effect on student decisions in choosing a management study program through Word of Mouth. The image has significant effect on student decisions in choosing a management study program through customer value. Service quality has a significant effect on student decisions in choosing a management study program through Word of Mouth. Service quality has a significant effect on student decisions in choosing management study programs through customer value. Opinion leadership has a significant effect on student decisions in choosing management study programs through Word of Mouth. Opinion leadership affects student decisions in choosing management study programs through customer value. Opinion leadership affects student decisions in choosing management study programs through customer value.
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.589
Over the decade following the revolution, the IMF annual reports on exchange arrangements and exchange restrictions show that the Tunisian de facto exchange regime is not compliant with the de jure regime announced by the Tunisian authority. The latter claims a floating regime, except in 2013-2015, whereas the International Monetary Fund (IMF) states that it is a rather crawl-like regime, except in 2017. This discrepancy between the real and the official exchange regime is neither new nor specific to Tunisia. The IMF was aware of it and it has adopted a de facto classification since 1999. Nevertheless, this dichotomy is a bit surprising for Tunisia for the next reason: Tunisia has experienced a revolution that ended in early 2011 a dictatorship regime and established a democratic political regime supposed to be more accountable and more transparent. This controversy raises an important question: The exchange regime dichotomy stated by the IMF, does it really exist despite the transition toward democracy, or it is only an allegation that can be attributed to the inaccurate verification technique used by the IMF? In this context, the Tunisian de facto exchange regime over the postrevolution decade. The paper can be reduced to two main parts. The first part summarizes the theoretical explanations of the divergence between the de facto exchange regime and the de jure exchange regime. The second part consists of empirical verification of the Tunisian exchange regime by using descriptive statistics and econometric models.
Hui Sun, Park Ju-Young, Park Ju-Young and Wee Kuk-Hoan*
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.591
This paper discusses how the concept of internal marketing (IM) can be applied to achieve a competitive advantage within the public medical sector in Korea. We suggested that internal marketing is a fundamental key factor in obtaining an organization's competitive advantage. We specifically examine relationships between IM, self-efficacy, internal customer satisfaction, service innovation, internal service quality, and competitive advantage. Based on the results, we suggest some academic and practical implications.
Mateus Ramalho Ribeiro Da Fonseca*
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.590
Among the various monetary policy transmission channels, the exchange rate stands out as one of the most important, which has been widely documented in the Brazilian economic literature in recent decades? In fact, after the change to the floating exchange rate regime and the respective introduction of the Inflation Targeting Regime (RMI) in Brazil in mid-1999, the exchange rate showed considerable variability, reaching more than R $ 4.00, as in 2002 and 2015, for example, or even close to R$ 1.50, as occurred in the years 2007 and 2011. In response to domestic events with emphasis on changes in the basic interest rate in compliance inflation targets either due to external shocks, changing perceptions about the direction of the economy generally implied greater or lesser willingness for foreign capital to enter, especially in the short term, contributing to the volatility of this fundamental price of the Brazilian economy.
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.592
This research focuses on the effect of COVID-19 lockdown on local clothing brands. The primary aim of this study is to emphasize on the shifting from traditional style of doing business towards doing business online. The nature of research was quantitative and the information was collected through research articles, blogs and different websites as a secondary source, and the primary sources were the representatives of different online shopping portals, consumers and the sample size for the study is 265 and SPSS was used to do the analysis of the data.
Leila Torki*, Ameneh Khoshbakht and Hossein Khandaniand
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.593
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.594
The impact of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) penalties on financial performance has not been explored in detail, and more empirical research in the area is needed. One empirical study looked at the impact of EPA penalties on earnings. They found that higher EPA penalties lead to lower earnings, therefore having an additional negative financial impact on the firm and forcing firms to behave more responsibly in environmental matters.
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.595
In this article (developing a previous contribution on the analyses by Marx and Sraffa) it is suggested that, when one tries to integrate the surplus approach with the Keynesian perspective, an ideal choice is to take as given circumstance the rate of labor exploitation rather than wage. The reason for this decision rests on the features of Sraffa’s Standard Commodity in the context of joint production, a technological-economical setting which in turn, it is argued, cannot be neglected as a special, unusual and, perhaps, prima facie negligible case but is and has always been the normal condition for economic systems.
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.596
Energy consumption in Ethiopia has been the lowest compared to several developing countries. The country needs to diversify its energy sector and develop other energy sources such as wind, geothermal and solar. The present energy mix greatly increases vulnerability to climate change and the poorest segment of the population is the most vulnerable. Recognizing that formulation of sound economic development and environmental sustainability policy needs knowing the relationship among energy use, economic growth and environmental quality. This paper provides a comprehensive review of “Interaction among Energy Consumption, Growth and Environment in Ethiopian Economy”. Finally, this paper helps the researchers as well as the government officials to find pin point unforeseen issues that need to be considered while planning development policy regarding energy along with proposing recommendations.
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.598
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.597
Although coffee constitutes the largest share of exports, producers in Ethiopia have historically received a small percentage of the export revenue from the price of green coffee. Reasons often mentioned are heavy government intervention and high marketing and processing costs. Before 1992, government regulation of the domestic coffee market in the form of fixed producer prices and the Ethiopian Coffee Marketing Corporation's monopoly power put a substantial wedge between the producer price and the world price of coffee by imposing an implicit tax on producers. Having liberalized the market and adopted a floating exchange rate regime to boost exports (coffee) as the country struggles with foreign exchange shortages, not much has improved in exports (coffee) or foreign reserve availability. This paper utilizes monthly data from 2010-2015 to develop a multiple regression model to determine the impact the exchange rate has on coffee export if there is any. The empirical findings indicate that the exchange rate is not significant in determining or influencing exports but the prices of the two famous coffee types (Arabica and Robusta). Corroborated by the research outcome, we suggest that policymakers do not rely on the depreciation or devaluation of the ETB (Ethiopian Birr) as a tool for export promotion and growth.
Saddam Hussain* and Chunjiao Yu
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.599
This study investigates the causal relationship between power energy consumption, FDI and Economic growth in Pakistan using time series data from 1965 to 2019. Johansen co-integration test is employed for finding out relationship and Granger causality test is used to find the direction of causality amongst the variables used. The results Granger test of causality finds unidirectional causality from FDI to GDP growth, a unidirectional causality relationship running from GDP growth toward power energy consumption and from foreign direct investment toward economic growth. Foreign Direct Investment has positive impact on the economic growth and economic growth stimulate energy consumption, so indirectly energy consumption is enhanced with the expansion of FDI, hence the government should pay full attentions to the security of foreign investors and enhance the energy production in order to enhance the economic growth of Pakistan.
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.e105
DOI: 10.37421/2162-6359.2021.10.e106
Feng Zhao, Dingning Zhang and Jie Zhang
The distribution of the underground economy in China shows obvious regional differences and has an important impact on the environmental pollution of relevant provinces. The spatial data analysis method is used to study the spatial differences between central and peripheral areas and between developed and backward areas in China’s underground economy, and the degree of provincial environmental pollution has significant spatial dependence. On this basis, the spatial error model and spatial lag model are further used to empirically analyze the impact of the underground economy and its scale on China’s environmental pollution, and the impact degree of underground economic growth on the ecological environment in various provinces of China is discussed. The research results show that there is a negative correlation between the underground economy and environmental pollution in various provinces of China, and the development of and changes in the underground economy and the way it acts on the macroeconomic determine the sustainability of this relationship. In addition, the impact degree of China’s provincial underground economic growth on the ecological environment differs in different regions. The impact of the underground economy on the ecological environment in the eastern and central regions is most significant from the early stage to the middle stage, and the impact of the underground economy on the ecological environment in the western region is most obvious in the middle stage.
Timothy Fry* and Yu Tian
First-Price-Sealed-Bid (FPSB) are widely used in both the public and private sectors. In a FPSB procurement common value auction, a seller must first estimate their cost to provide the product requested by the buyer and then determine a bid amount by adding a markup to the cost estimate. This markup must consider desired profits as well as informational uncertainties regarding the cost estimates since actual costs of production are known only after the product is produced. In this paper, we investigate the impact of better cost estimates on firm profitability and bidding strategy in a two- and three-bidder auction. Based on field data from over 1000 procurement auctions, we assume that errors in cost estimation follow a normal distribution. This assumption greatly complicates the analysis such that finding an analytical solution is unlikely. Therefore, using a numerical solution approach, we find the equilibrium solution for each type of seller under a variety of parameter settings. We find that advantaged sellers will be more profitable yet submit more aggressive bids. These results depend on the number of advantaged and disadvantaged sellers competing. Indeed, if there is more than a single advantaged seller competing, they will submit very aggressive bids resulting in profits that may actually decrease as each gets better at estimating costs. Our results provide a clear understanding as to the importance of accurate product cost estimates and extends the research on the effects of cost estimation accuracy in procurement auctions.
