Journal of Immunobiology

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontitis are both chronic inflammatory diseases, which contribute significantly to morbidity and are a major health care burden [1]. The interrelationship between DM and periodontitis has been studied for many years. It has been accepted that the supposed interrelationship between DM and periodontitis is a two-way relationship. In this sense, the presence of one condition tends to increases the risk and severity of the other, and vice versa. However, the mechanisms for this two-way relationship still remain unknown.

The gastrointestinal system offers a unique opportunity for observing the interactions between commensals of the microbiome and the host immune system that is functioning close to these micro-organisms. Bacteriophages are critical to maintenance of homeostasis in this environment, and influence immune responses both indirectly, through modulation of the bacterial population and directly, through specific interactions with the metazoan host. Understanding these interactions in health and in human diseases is critical for developing novel treatment. This focused review summarizes the current knowledge in this area.

This research note describes how the author applies his personal medical knowledge regarding food nutrition and chronic diseases control to fight against COVID-19. The author has demonstrated his detailed food nutritional program and his efforts on managing and improving his overall metabolic conditions during the COVID-19 quarantine period. Through his research and implementation exertions, his immune system would also be strengthened; therefore, having a stronger immunity will also help his body to fight against future attacks from various infectious diseases, including the COVID-19 virus.

A stronger immune system is essential to swiftly overcoming invading pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi.  Infections with any virus in the coronavirus family is no exception.  In addition to making right decisions that promptly enable control of the disease, facilitating people to have a strong immune system is the key reason that reduce complications and deaths from COVID-19 and other microbes.  Measures such as community testing for COVID-19, supervised home quarantining, and effective social distancing, the use of face masks, and adhering to personal hygiene, enable flattening of infectious peaks, minimize hospital burden, and improved clinical outcomes.  Having a strong innate immune system prevents viruses from entering human cells, enhance neutralization and destruction, and allow quicker elimination of COVID-19.  Vitamin D facilitates all these process, occurring through multiple pathways.  The latter includes  the production of neutralizing antibodies, release of antimicrobial peptides, and stimulation of immune cells to destroy COVID-19.  In addition to vitamin D sufficiency, other factors important in preventing primary and secondary peaks of COVID-19 include, sufficiency of antioxidants and trace minerals, such as zinc and selenium and vitamin K₂ and magnesium, safe sun exposure, together with adhering to preventative public health principles, such as keeping social distance, wearing face masks in public, and proper personal hygiene.

Nowadays, the main life threatening disease left to be untreated is the pandemic coronavirus. The entry points of coronavirus in human are through nasal openings, eyes, ears and mouth via throat generally it settles in the lungs, which are the primary respiratory organs of humans.

Viral Nanoparticles (VNPs) as theranostic tools are a rapidly growing aspect of these particular types of nanoparticles. Among their multiple possible applications,
their contribution in the field of autoimmune diseases has recently emerged, since they can increase the sensitivity of detection of autoantibody levels significantly
allowing early diagnosis, prognosis and, consequently, the development of specific therapies. Based on the promising results obtained using nanoparticles derived
from Turnip Mosaic Virus (TuMV) in an animal model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), this mini review discusses the possibilities of development of this VNP
as a power tool for diagnosis in immune-mediated diseases.