Microbiota in the Gut and Restricted Eating and Drinking: A Precision Nutrition Approach and Targeted Biomarker

Hongwei Tan^*
*Correspondence: Hongwei Tan, Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, UK, Email:

Keywords

Gut microbiome • Hormonal • Intermittent fasting

Introduction

Because of its significant contribution to human physiology, the gut microbiota has been regarded as an organ in and of itself. With a hereditary coding limit that surpasses its human host by ≥100-overlay [1], the stomach microbiota executes fundamental capabilities that the actual body is unequipped for performing. It influences brain activities and body metabolism, educates the immune system, protects against viral and bacterial pathogens, and promotes gut maturation. We gave an overview of its development from birth to old age in Part I of this two-part review [2] and went into detail about the various mechanisms by which it affects host health. Importantly, its composition and activities are influenced by a number of factors, one of which is the host's genetics, which we cannot control. Diet, on the other hand, has a significant impact on its form and function and is something we can control. Indeed, humans feed not only themselves but also the microbiota in their intestines. Individual differences in microbiome composition and functionality are largely attributable to these two factors alone—host genetics and diet. Indeed, scientists are still debating what constitutes a "healthy" microbiota because of the interindividual variability.

Literature Review

Opportunities to "fertilize" our microbiota are also provided by interventions involving dietary fiber, synbiotics, prebiotics, and probiotics. "Live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate quantities confer a health benefit on the host" is how probiotics are defined The probiotics that have the most health claims are those in the following genera, and their benefits tend to be specific to each strain: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Leuconostoc, Pedi coccus, and Bacillus Given that a pasteurized derivative of a beneficial strain showed enhanced effects in obese and diabetic mice the requirement for "live microorganisms" is debated. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics recently expanded the definition of a prebiotic to include the phrase "a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit" Prebiotics can improve the metabolic and physiological parameters of the host by modulating the intestinal microbiota with high or low specificity and increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria.

A synergistic combination of probiotics and prebiotics is referred to as a symbiotic. “the edible part of plants or their extracts, or analogous carbohydrates, that are resistant to digestion in the human small intestine, and undergoes complete or partial fermentation in the large intestine “has been defined as dietary fibre, or more simply, "any dietary component that reaches the colon without being absorbed in a healthy .The effects of various life stages or circumstances on humans' gut microbiota and the efficacy of probiotics and prebiotics with a focus on modulation of the gut microbiota and/or improvement of symptom are examined first in this review. Based on data from human studies, we then investigate the potential of probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary fibre to aid in the management of two forms of malnutrition that are prevalent in both developed and developing nations over nutrition and undernutrition. These forms of malnutrition are over nutrition and undernutrition.

Discussion

Scientists are beginning to decipher the differences between human "responders" and "non-responders," which can be influenced by microbiota and genetic makeup. Through the microbiome, which can serve as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to dietary components and interventions, this may be one of the fundamental components of precision nutrition. For instance, a study that is discussed in greater detail in Section 5 shows that a person's gut microbiota can be used to predict postprandial glycaemic responses to food This makes it possible to create a precision-tailored, individualized diet that aids in the prevention of metabolic syndrome and its comorbidities. This degree of information prepares for new open doors concerning mediations and microbiome testing at a singular level. Currently, microbiome testing is available; As a result, we discuss its current viability and the ways in which it can be simplified to produce results with greater scientific significance. Last but not least, we offer guidelines for determining the scientific veracity of evidence supporting individualized microbiome-based diet recommendations [1-5].

Conclusion

Over the past two decades, probiotic-enriched infant formula has been available in Europe and Asia It has been demonstrated that infant faecal microbiota profiles from such formulas are comparable to those of breastfed infants. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials conducted up to September came to the conclusion that probiotic-supplemented formulas do not raise safety concerns for healthy infants regarding growth or adverse effects. However, while some beneficial effects are possible the review came to the conclusion that there was a lack of robust clinical evidence to recommend their routine use This In light of this, a meta-analysis that took place in looked into the effectiveness of treating infant colic with a single strain, Lactobacillus . Probiotic-supplemented infant formula has been available for more than two decades in Europe and Asia. It has been demonstrated that infant profiles from such formulas are comparable to those of breast-fed infants. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials conducted up to September 2016 came to the conclusion that probiotic-supplemented formulas do not raise safety concerns for healthy infants regarding growth or adverse effects. However, while some beneficial effects are possible (reduction in the frequency of colic or irritability, better growth, and fewer episodes of gastrointestinal infection, diarrhoea, and respiratory symptoms), the review came to the conclusion that there was a lack of robust clinical evidence to recommend their routine use. This In light of this, a meta-analysis that was carried out in looked into the effectiveness of treating infant colic with a single probiotic strain known as Lactobacillus.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

There are no conflicts of interest by author.

References

1. Wang, Dong D., and Frank B. Hu. "Precision nutrition for prevention and management of type 2 diabetes." The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology 6 (2018): 416-426.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

2. Noerman, Stefania, and Rikard Landberg. "Blood metabolite profiles linking dietary patterns with health—Toward precision nutrition." J Intern Med (2022).

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

3. Nogal, Bartek, Jeffrey B. Blumberg, Gil Blander, and Milena Jorge. "Gut microbiota–informed precision nutrition in the generally healthy individual: are we there yet." Curr Dev Nutr 5 (2021): nzab107.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

4. Mortazavi, Bobak J., and Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna. "A review of digital innovations for diet monitoring and precision nutrition." J diabetes Sci Technol 17 (2023): 217-223.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

5. Soliman, Ghada A. "Intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating role in dietary interventions and precision nutrition." Frontiers in Public Health (2022): 4073.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at