Commentary - (2025) Volume 11, Issue 2
Received: 01-Apr-2025, Manuscript No. jcrdc-25-172049;
Editor assigned: 03-Apr-2025, Pre QC No. P-172049;
Reviewed: 17-Apr-2025, QC No. Q-172049;
Revised: 22-Apr-2025, Manuscript No. R-172049;
Published:
29-Apr-2025
, DOI: 10.37421/2472-1247.2025.11.357
Citation: Clarke, Jonathan M.. ”Biomarkers: Diverse Tools for Health and Science.” J Clin Respir Dis Care 11 (2025):357.
Copyright: © 2025 Clarke M. Jonathan This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
This paper thoroughly reviews liquid biopsy biomarkers, including circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and exosomes, and their utility in precision cancer medicine. It covers their application in early detection, monitoring treatment response, detecting minimal residual disease, and identifying resistance mechanisms, highlighting the journey from research to clinical implementation[1].
This article surveys the current landscape of biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease, differentiating between diagnostic and prognostic indicators. It covers cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers like amyloid-beta and tau, as well as emerging blood-based and neuroimaging biomarkers, discussing their roles in early detection, disease staging, and predicting progression[2].
This review explores both established and emerging biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). It discusses traditional markers like cardiac troponins and brain natriuretic peptide, alongside newer candidates such as microRNAs, circulating endothelial cells, and inflammatory markers, highlighting their roles in risk stratification, diagnosis, and prognosis of various CVDs[3].
This paper reviews the current understanding of biomarkers in autoimmune diseases, covering their utility in diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring treatment response. It discusses serological, genetic, and cellular biomarkers across various conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis, acknowledging the challenges in biomarker discovery and validation for clinical use[4].
This review focuses on diagnostic biomarkers for sepsis, a life-threatening condition. It delves into traditional markers like procalcitonin and C-reactive protein, as well as novel candidates such as microRNAs, cell-free DNA, and various immune cell markers, discussing their potential to improve early diagnosis, risk stratification, and guide therapeutic decisions in sepsis management[5].
This article examines the crucial role of biomarkers in advancing drug development for precision medicine. It illustrates how biomarkers are used at various stages, from target identification and validation to patient stratification, assessment of drug efficacy and safety, and identification of non-responders, ultimately facilitating more efficient and personalized therapeutic strategies[6].
This review focuses on new and emerging biomarkers for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). It discusses how these markers, beyond traditional glucose and HbA1c, could improve early diagnosis, predict complications, and enable personalized management strategies, exploring various molecular and metabolic indicators[7].
This paper discusses biomarkers used to assess human exposure to environmental pollutants. It covers various types of biomarkers, including those for genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation, explaining how they help quantify exposure levels, understand biological responses, and improve environmental risk assessment strategies[8].
This systematic review investigates potential biomarkers for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). It covers various categories including inflammatory markers, neurotrophic factors, genetic polymorphisms, and neuroimaging findings, discussing their role in diagnosing MDD, predicting treatment response, and understanding the complex pathophysiology of the disorder[9].
This narrative review explores various biomarkers of aging, aiming to identify objective measures of biological age distinct from chronological age. It discusses cellular, molecular, and physiological markers, including telomere length, epigenetic clocks, inflammatory profiles, and mitochondrial function, highlighting their potential for assessing healthspan and predicting age-related diseases[10].
The utility of biomarkers is profoundly shaping precision medicine and disease diagnostics across numerous fields. In oncology, liquid biopsy biomarkers like circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and exosomes are crucial for early cancer detection, monitoring treatment response, and identifying resistance mechanisms, bridging the gap from scientific discovery to clinical use [1]. Similarly, for Alzheimer's disease, a range of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers such as amyloid-beta and tau, along with emerging blood-based and neuroimaging indicators, are instrumental in early detection, disease staging, and predicting progression [2]. These advancements allow for more targeted and personalized patient management strategies.
Beyond cancer and neurodegenerative conditions, biomarkers are vital in managing other significant health challenges. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) benefit from both established markers like cardiac troponins and brain natriuretic peptide, and newer candidates such as microRNAs and inflammatory markers, which are critical for risk stratification, diagnosis, and prognosis [3]. Autoimmune diseases, encompassing conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis, leverage serological, genetic, and cellular biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring treatment efficacy, even as biomarker discovery in this area presents inherent challenges [4]. For sepsis, a life-threatening condition, diagnostic biomarkers from traditional ones like procalcitonin to novel elements such as microRNAs and cell-free DNA are under investigation, holding promise for improving early diagnosis, risk stratification, and guiding therapeutic decisions [5].
Biomarkers also play an indispensable role in accelerating drug development and optimizing therapeutic strategies within precision medicine. They are utilized at various stages, from initial target identification and validation to patient stratification, comprehensive assessment of drug efficacy and safety, and pinpointing non-responders, thereby fostering more efficient and personalized treatment approaches [6]. In the realm of metabolic disorders, particularly Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), research is focused on new and emerging biomarkers beyond conventional glucose and HbA1c levels. These advanced markers aim to enhance early diagnosis, predict the onset of complications, and facilitate highly personalized management strategies through various molecular and metabolic indicators [7].
Furthermore, biomarkers extend their utility into environmental health and neuropsychiatric conditions. For instance, biomarkers are indispensable in assessing human exposure to environmental pollutants, providing quantifiable measures of exposure levels and biological responses. These include markers for genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which are crucial for enhancing environmental risk assessment methodologies [8]. In mental health, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) research explores various potential biomarkers, including inflammatory markers, neurotrophic factors, genetic polymorphisms, and neuroimaging findings. These contribute significantly to diagnosing MDD, predicting individual treatment responses, and deepening our understanding of the disorder's complex pathophysiology [9]. This broad spectrum of applications highlights their fundamental importance in both preventive and diagnostic medicine.
Finally, the study of biomarkers is advancing our understanding of the aging process itself. Researchers are actively identifying objective measures of biological age, distinct from chronological age, using a range of cellular, molecular, and physiological indicators. These include telomere length, epigenetic clocks, inflammatory profiles, and mitochondrial function. Such biomarkers hold considerable potential for accurately assessing healthspan and predicting the onset of age-related diseases, paving the way for interventions aimed at extending healthy longevity [10].
Biomarkers are essential tools across diverse medical and biological fields, offering insights into disease states, environmental impacts, and biological processes. Their applications span early disease detection, accurate diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and effective monitoring of treatment responses. For instance, liquid biopsy biomarkers, such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and exosomes, are transforming precision cancer medicine, enabling better early detection and resistance mechanism identification. In neurological disorders, specific biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood-based markers, aid in early detection and disease staging, while markers for Major Depressive Disorder encompass inflammatory factors, neurotrophic factors, and neuroimaging findings, crucial for understanding its pathophysiology and predicting treatment outcomes. Cardiovascular diseases benefit from both traditional markers like cardiac troponins and emerging ones such as microRNAs, which improve risk stratification. Similarly, in autoimmune diseases, serological, genetic, and cellular biomarkers are vital for diagnosis and monitoring, despite ongoing challenges in their validation. Diagnostic biomarkers for sepsis, ranging from procalcitonin to novel cell-free DNA, are pivotal for early intervention and guiding therapy. Beyond disease management, biomarkers play a crucial role in drug development for precision medicine by assisting in target validation, patient stratification, and assessing drug efficacy. They also help quantify human exposure to environmental pollutants, improving risk assessment through indicators of genotoxicity and oxidative stress. Lastly, research into aging biomarkers seeks objective measures of biological age, using markers like telomere length and epigenetic clocks to predict age-related diseases and assess healthspan. This broad utility underscores the significant impact of biomarker research on human health and scientific advancement.
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