A Note on Antidiabetic Agents

Parker Nzeh^*
*Correspondence: Parker Nzeh, Department of Microbiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, Email:

Editorial

Anti-diabetic medicines are a chemically and pharmacologically diverse class of medications. The goal of diabetes treatment is to keep blood glucose levels from rising too high in each 24-hour period without causing clinical hypoglycemia. In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, effective blood glucose control is now universally acknowledged as preventing the development of microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy) and neuropathic long-term consequences Insulin treatment is needed to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 diabetes, when endogenous beta-cell function is missing or minimal, and the goal is accurate insulin replacement in the fasting state and after meals [1]. The International Diabetes Federation's worldwide cartographic map of diabetes shows that Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a global epidemic. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, persistent, and poorly understood metabolic disorder defined by hyperglycemia as its primary symptom. Impaired insulin secretion, resistance to insulin's tissue actions, or a combination of the two are thought to be the most common factors contributing to the pathophysiology of T2DM, a disease spectrum that begins with tissue insulin resistance and progresses to a state characterised by complete loss of secretory activity of the pancreatic beta cells [2]. T2DM is a crucial factor in the rapid growth in non-communicable disease rates in both developed and developing countries. We'll try to cover everything in this quick review.

All pharmacological medications licenced for hyperglycemic treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus (excluding insulin) are referred to as antidiabetic medicines (DM). If lifestyle changes (weight loss, dietary changes, and exercise) do not drop HbA1c levels sufficiently (goal level: 7%), pharmaceutical treatment with anti-diabetic medicines should be started [3,4]. These medications are classed as insulinotropic or noninsulinotropic based on their mode of action. They come in monotherapy and combination regimens, with the latter containing two (or, in rare cases, three) anti-diabetic medicines and/ or insulin. In the diabetic mellitus therapy section, the exact treatment protocols are reviewed. Metformin is the medicine of choice for all people with type 2 diabetes. This medicine improves glucose metabolism and aids in weight loss or at least weight maintenance [5].

Anti-diabetic medications are used to treat type 1 diabetes

• Insulin shots are required every day for persons with type 1 diabetes to be healthy.

• Type 1 diabetics must also eat appropriately, monitor blood sugar levels, and avoid blood glucose levels that are too low or too high.

• Some persons with type 1 diabetes in the United States take pramlintide, also known as Amylin, in addition to insulin to help control their diabetes.

• In the United Kingdom, Amylin is not currently prescribed.

Anti-diabetic medications are used to treat type 2 diabetes

• Diet and exercise may be enough to regulate blood glucose levels in some patients with type 2 diabetes.

• Anti-diabetic medicines may be recommended if diet and exercise are no longer effective.

• Oral hypoglycemic (oral hypoglycemic) or injectable hypoglycemic (injectable hypoglycemic) will be used (insulin and GLP-1 receptor agonists).

Type 2 diabetes antidiabetic therapy considerations

Biguanides, such as Metformin, are frequently used as a first-line antidiabetic treatment. Alternative medications may be given instead of or in addition to biguanides if they are not successful on their own. The type of medication you are prescribed may be determined by a number of circumstances, as different medications have different benefits and drawbacks [6].

References

1. Al-Ishaq, Raghad Khalid, Mariam Abotaleb, Peter Kubatka and Karol Kajo,et al. "Flavonoids and their anti-diabetic effects: cellular mechanisms and effects to improve blood sugar levels." Biomolecules 9 (2019): 430.

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2. Bhatt, Jayesh Kumar, Sabin Thomas, and Moola Joghee Nanjan. "Resveratrol supplementation improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus." Nutr Res 7 (2012): 537-541.

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3. Blandino, G., R. Inturri, F. Lazzara, M. Di Rosa, and L. Malaguarnera. "Impact of gut microbiota on diabetes mellitus." Diabetes Metab 5 (2016): 303-315.

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4. Cao, Hui, Xiaoqing Chen, Amir Reza Jassbi, and Jianbo Xiao. "Microbial biotransformation of bioactive flavonoids." Biotechnol  Adv 1 (2015): 214-223.

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5. American Diabetes Association. "Peripheral arterial disease in people with diabetes." Diabetes care 12 (2003): 3333-3341.

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6. Holman, Rury R., Harald Sourij, and Robert M. Califf. "Cardiovascular outcome trials of glucose-lowering drugs or strategies in type 2 diabetes." The Lancet 9933 (2014): 2008-2017.

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