Journal of Clinical Respiratory Diseases & Care: Open Access

Lung cancer remains one of the most prevalent and deadly forms of cancer worldwide. The key to improving patient outcomes lies in early detection and accurate prognosis. Recent advancements in the field of biomarkers have brought forth a promising era in lung cancer research. These breakthrough biomarkers offer a glimmer of hope, enabling precise early detection and prognosis, ultimately leading to improved patient management and survival rates. Lung cancer continues to be a major global health concern, accounting for a significant number of cancer-related deaths. Early detection and accurate prognosis play pivotal roles in improving patient outcomes and survival rates. In recent years, the field of lung cancer research has witnessed remarkable advancements in the discovery of novel biomarkers. These emerging biomarkers hold immense promise in facilitating early diagnosis and providing valuable prognostic information, revolutionizing the management of lung cancer patients.

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) is a condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain, leading to a triad of symptoms including gait disturbance, urinary incontinence and cognitive decline. NPH affects primarily elderly individuals and it is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed due to the overlap of symptoms with other age-related conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, or vascular dementia. Imaging plays a critical role in the diagnosis and management of NPH and a variety of imaging markers have been proposed to aid in the differential diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. In this article, we will review the most commonly used imaging markers for NPH, including Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers.

Ionospheres have been used to control coccidiosis in poultry for a long time. However, toxicity with significant clinical symptoms can result from misuse of ionospheres. Administration dose, species and animal age are the most important determinants of gonophores toxicity. Although clinical symptoms of ionosphere intoxication have been extensively studied, the molecular toxicity mechanisms of gonophores remain poorly understood. The clinical and molecular toxicity mechanisms of polyether gonophores in animals studied in this review are summarized. Ionosphere toxicity is most likely to affect myocardial and skeletal muscle cells, according to studies. The deregulation of ion concentration, which inhibits oxidative phosphorylation, may provide an explanation for the oxidation’s molecular mechanism. The synergistic effect of tiamulin on ionosphere biotransformation and the interaction between tiamulin and ionosphere are discussed. In addition, gonophores have recently been considered for repurposing as antibacterial and cancer drugs. Ionospheres are molecules that dissolve in lipids and carry particular cataions across biological membranes.

Evaluation of the clinical and epidemiologic literature is an important step in determining the effectiveness of medical treatments and interventions, as well as in understanding the risk factors for diseases and health outcomes. It involves critical analysis of the quality and validity of studies, as well as the strength of the evidence presented. One of the first steps in evaluating clinical and epidemiologic studies is to determine the study design. Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for assessing the efficacy of medical treatments, as they involve random assignment of participants to treatment or control groups. Observational studies, on the other hand, do not involve random assignment and are used to explore associations between risk factors and health outcomes. These studies include cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies.

Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that play a crucial role in the immune system's functioning. They are distributed throughout the body and are interconnected by lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes are responsible for filtering and removing waste products, toxins and harmful microorganisms from the body. However, they also have another important function, namely to identify and fight cancer cells that have metastasized from a primary tumour site. Cancer metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells from the original tumour site to other parts of the body. This occurs through a process called lymphatic dissemination, where cancer cells enter the lymphatic vessels and travel to nearby lymph nodes. Once the cancer cells reach the lymph nodes, they can grow and form new tumours, leading to further spread of cancer throughout the body. Lymph nodes are particularly vulnerable to cancer metastasis because they act as filters for the lymphatic system. They are also well-connected to the circulatory system, which makes it easy for cancer cells to move from one lymph node to another and eventually spread throughout the body. The presence of cancer cells in the lymph nodes is an indication that the cancer has started to spread beyond the primary tumour site and that the disease has progressed to an advanced stage.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers, with a five-year survival rate of less than 10%. Despite advances in the treatment of other cancers, pancreatic cancer remains a difficult disease to treat due to its aggressive nature and late diagnosis. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the role of epigenetics in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. Epigenetics refers to modifications of DNA and histones that regulate gene expression without altering the underlying genetic code. Alterations in epigenetic regulators can lead to aberrant gene expression, resulting in the development and progression of cancer. In pancreatic cancer, several epigenetic regulators have been found to be deregulated, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs.

Among the new therapeutic approaches based on medicinal plants and their extracts, the application of essential oils is getting more and more attention. The spread of drug-resistant clinical isolates has increased as a result of the widespread use of synthetic and semi-synthetic antimicrobials. As a result, natural products like essential oils are being studied as potential antimicrobial resources. We compared the effects of common antimicrobials and essential oils on the microbicidal activity of human phagocytes in the context of a potential infection. These essential oils show antifungal drug-like. The data from the literature on the interactions between essential oils and the immune system are compared to our findings. This comparison would help fill in any remaining knowledge gaps regarding the bioactivity of essential oils and assist in the identification of therapeutic solutions to the antibiotic resistance that is becoming increasingly prevalent. There has been a significant rise in clinical interest in natural medicine over the past thirty years, with a focus on the widespread use of plant products in microbiology. The emergence of newer diseases and the rise in microorganism resistance to antimicrobials necessitate the urgent development of new, more potent medications.

Lithium is still the first choice for bipolar disorder prophylaxis, preventing manic and depressive episodes from returning. The longitudinal effects of administering lithium far outweigh those of other mood stabilizers. The kidney, gastrointestinal, neurological, thyroid, metabolic, cognitive, dermatological, cardiovascular and sexual side effects of lithium is all listed. Interstitial nephropathy is probably the most serious side effect of lithium, usually seen after 10 to 20 years of use. Long-term lithium therapy also has beneficial side effects, such as anti-suicidal, antiviral and anti-dementia effects. Long-term lithium treatment may be affected by pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics interactions, mostly with other drugs. The narrative review of lithium-induced side effects and interactions that may affect its prophylactic effect in bipolar disorder is updated in this paper. They are described, along with their mechanisms and management strategies. They also share their own observations regarding the ultra-long lithium treatment of bipolar disorder patients. The review may assist psychiatrists in providing bipolar patients with a successful lithium prophylaxis.

Lung cancer conventional treatment options need to be improved. The premise of immunotherapy is that therapeutic drugs stimulate the immune system to destroy tumor cells. Immunotherapy includes medications that target immune checkpoints. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are specific antibodies that target immune checkpoints. In this section, we investigate novel checkpoints that may be targeted in the future as well as the agents that target these checkpoints. Immune checkpoints are one-of-a-kind components of the body's defense mechanism that keep the body safe from immune responses strong enough to harm healthy cells. Immune checkpoints are triggered when proteins on the surface of T cells recognize and bind to proteins on other tumor cells. Immunological checkpoints are the names given to these proteins. When the checkpoints interact with companion proteins, they send an signal to the T cells. This might prevent the immune system of the host from getting rid of cancer cells. Drugs that target immune checkpoints, particularly programmed cell death protein 1, have revolutionized the standard treatment plan for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Due to their potential to treat SCLC, these medications are now being expanded. On the other hand, it is acknowledged that these medications have particular side effects related to the immune system.

About half of all cancers in humans have mutations in the tumor suppressor p53 (p53), most of which are missense mutations. Not only do p53 mutations impair its ability to suppress drugs, but they also give the missense mutant p53 (mutp53) oncogenic properties that are distinct from those of the wild-type p53. Restoring or stabilizing wtp53 conformation from mutp53, rescuing p53 nonsense mutations, depleting mutp53 proteins and inducing p53 synthetic lethality or targeting vulnerabilities imposed by p53 deficiencies (activated retrotransposons) or mutations (enhanced YAP/TAZ) are some of the approaches that have been taken to develop novel cancer therapies because p53 mutations are specific to cancer. The mechanisms of action and activities of FDA-approved and clinically available drugs that target p53 mutations to stop the progression of cancer are summarized here Cancer spread is aided by mutations in the tumor suppressor p53 (p53).