Xin Bo
Iron and steel demand is a leading indicator of national growth and has a major impact on the global economy. Iron and steel manufacturing, which has become the second largest energy user in industry, uses high-temperature furnaces. From 2000 to 2011, the sector's energy consumption increased by 6.2 percent annually, owing to rises in crude steel demand (IEA, 2014). Furthermore, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from iron and steel plants account for the largest proportion of CO2 emissions in the industrial sector, at about 27%.
Zhigang Peng
Nepal, which is located in one of the world's most seismically active continental collision orogenic belts, has experienced a series of devastating earthquakes in the past . The Gorkha earthquake (Mw 7.8) in April 2015 was the most recent of these Himalayan thrust events, killing about 9,000 people in Nepal and nearby regions and injuring another 22,000 people. Following the long-term socioeconomic consequences of large earthquakes in the area, it is critical to establish a reliable and transparent system for quantifying the "real" degree of earthquake threat in major cities for the protection and preparedness of millions of people. We solve this issue by using a natural time analysis for earthquake nowcasting in 24 of Nepal's major cities.
Eilen marlonbeach
While environmentally sustainable interior design (ESID) has become a major issue in interior design practise, the frequency with which interior designers make sustainable choices in real practise is still limited, according to the literature, especially when it comes to material selection. The goal of this study was to gain a thorough understanding of what constitutes a sustainable material choice, as well as to investigate the current supply and demand for green, sustainable, and Fair Trade (GSFT) products in the interior design field. In the first instance a desk study of currently available GSFT materials was undertaken.
Fabio celio
Aerospace engineering is a subset of mechanical engineering that emerged relatively recently in human history when humans began to fly, first in the atmosphere and then into space. It is the science that underpins the design and construction of aircraft and spacecraft (aeronautical engineering) (astronautical engineering). Gliders, missiles, jet fighters, and space rockets are all designed, built, and tested by these engineers. Some work in naval design as well, since some of the rules that govern the flow of air (a fluid) around an aircraft easily translate to the flow of water (also a fluid) around a ship or submarine.
Viclon Leonov
Several profound and dramatic transformations in the growth of the global aerospace industry have recently been observed: (A) the More Electric Aircraft (MEA) of All Electric Aircraft (AEA) design principle has been applied to a number of new-generation atmospheric vehicles1 such as the F-22, F-35, Airbus A380, and Boeing 787; (B) operated by the Integrated Vehicle Energy Technology project. With the development of reusable and hypersonic technology, the idea of Energy-Optimized Aircraft (EOA) has been proposed; (C) marked by the efficient operation of the X-37B, the boundaries between space and aviation vehicles have become blurry, accelerating the historic integration of the trans-atmospheric vehicles.
Haeifeng He
The sea-crossing bridges that connect the two sides of the strait are becoming increasingly important for economic development, transportation, and trade as the economy grows and trade expands. The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, which was recently built in China, connects Hong Kong, Zhuhai, and Macao, cutting travel time between the three cities in half, and is critical to the economic development of Hong Kong, Macao, and the Pearl River Delta's West Bank. The long span of such sea-crossing bridges typically ranges from a few kilometres to tens of kilometres, and they are frequently positioned near the beach. Unlike land-based bridges, research has demonstrated that the wave force on bridges is a crucial control load that cannot be overlooked
Askol Fenece
Long-span bridges are increasingly being used to cross longer passages in international bridge engineering. More daring bridge crossings, such as the Messina Strait and the Strait of Gibraltar, are being considered as experience and development progress. The Norwegian government intends to construct a continuous motorway along the country's west coast. A motorway like this would have to cross multiple fjords with extremely long-span bridges, displacing current ferry links. Many of the bridge concepts being considered are incredibly thin, such as floating bridges with spans up to 5500 metres and suspension bridges with major spans exceeding 3000 metres. The design stresses for these sorts of structures are governed by the buffeting response from turbulent wind loading, hence uncertainties related to the description of the turbulent wind field must be adequately handled because it has a substantial impact on overall structural reliability
Nicolas John
Major transportation corridors, including long-span bridges, connecting core cities in coastal areas have played an important role in lowering highway traffic mileages, enhancing city cooperation and exchanges, easing traffic congestion, and supporting regional economic development. However, as traffic volumes and truck proportions increase, the risk of serious accidents on long-span bridges has increased dramatically in China. According to data, the number of traffic accidents on typical long-span bridges in China has increased significantly in recent years. Due to large truck percentages, inclement weather conditions, and especially the physically dynamic bridge structures, which is one of the unique factors of long-span bridges, traffic accidents on long-span bridges have associated specific characteristics when compared to traffic accidents on ordinary highways
Zhio Zang
Huei Zao
With the increasing severity of earthquake resistance and disaster reduction of offshore bridges, more scholars are paying attention to the impact of ground motion on reinforced concrete structures, particularly the impact of the failure of some components in the original system on the remaining components and the stability of the remaining new system under earthquake which has gradually become an important part of the seismic analysis and evaluation of the bridge structure
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.172
Welding plays a crucial role in the fabrication of steel structures, ensuring their strength, stability and overall quality. The integrity of welds directly impacts the structural performance and safety of steel buildings, bridges and other infrastructure. Therefore, weld quality assessment and control are of paramount importance in steel structure fabrication. The key aspects of weld quality assessment and control, highlighting the significance of these processes in ensuring reliable and durable steel structures. Steel structure fabrication involves the process of manufacturing steel components and assembling them into a complete structure, such as buildings, bridges, towers and industrial facilities. Steel is a popular choice for construction due to its high strength, durability and versatility.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.172
The construction industry has long been characterized by manual labor and traditional building techniques. However, with the rapid advancements in technology, automation and robotics are transforming the construction landscape. Construction robotics is a growing field that leverages the power of machines and artificial intelligence to enhance productivity, improve safety and revolutionize the way buildings are designed and constructed. Construction Robotics refers to the use of automation and robotic systems in the construction industry. It involves the integration of machines, artificial intelligence and advanced technologies to perform various tasks traditionally done by human workers. Construction robotics is revolutionizing the way buildings are designed, constructed and maintained, offering numerous benefits in terms of productivity, safety, quality and sustainability.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.173
Steel structures play a critical role in various industries, including construction, manufacturing and transportation. Welding is a common method used to join steel components, ensuring structural integrity and strength. However, welded steel structures are susceptible to fracture under certain conditions, which can have severe consequences for safety and performance. To mitigate the risks associated with fractures, engineers employ fracture mechanics analysis techniques to assess the structural integrity of welded steel components. Fracture mechanics is a branch of engineering that studies the behavior of materials and structures under the influence of cracks or other flaws. It provides valuable insights into the propagation of cracks and helps determine the critical conditions under which fractures may occur. In the context of welded steel structures, fracture mechanics analysis enables engineers to evaluate the potential for crack growth and assess the structural integrity of weldments.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.174
Resilient construction practices play a crucial role in mitigating the impact of natural disasters and increasing the ability of buildings and infrastructure to withstand such events. By incorporating specific design principles, materials and technologies, resilient construction practices aim to reduce damage, enhance safety and expedite recovery in the aftermath of disasters. Resilient construction practices not only reduce the potential for property damage and loss of life but also contribute to the long-term sustainability and resilience of communities. By integrating these strategies into construction projects, we can create safer and more resilient built environments that are better equipped to withstand and recover from the impacts of natural disasters and other hazards.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.175
The construction industry, known for its traditional practices and slow adoption of technology, is now on the brink of a digital revolution. With the rise of Industry 4.0, which encompasses advanced technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics and data analytics, the potential for digital transformation in construction engineering is immense. By embracing these innovative solutions, the construction industry can overcome longstanding challenges, improve efficiency, enhance productivity and deliver projects with greater precision and sustainability. Industry 4.0, also known as the fourth industrial revolution, integrates cutting-edge technologies to enhance automation, connectivity, data analytics and artificial intelligence.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.183
Residential construction has seen a significant shift towards using steel as a primary building material. Steel offers numerous advantages in terms of strength, durability, versatility and sustainability, making it an ideal choice for modern homes. This article explores the benefits of incorporating steel in residential construction, the various applications of steel in home design and how it is redefining the concept of modern living. Steel is renowned for its exceptional structural strength and durability. It has a high strength-to-weight ratio, allowing for the construction of robust, yet lightweight homes. Steel-framed structures can withstand extreme weather conditions, such as hurricanes and earthquakes, providing enhanced safety and resilience for homeowners. Additionally, steel is resistant to rot, termites and other pests, ensuring the longevity and integrity of the residential structure.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.180
In the construction industry, efficiency, speed and cost-effectiveness are crucial considerations. Prefabrication, a construction method that involves manufacturing components off-site and assembling them on-site, has gained significant popularity. When combined with steel as the primary material, prefabrication offers numerous advantages in streamlining construction processes. This article explores the benefits and applications of prefabricated steel structures, highlighting how they revolutionize construction methods. Prefabricated steel structures involve the manufacturing of steel components, such as beams, columns and panels, in a controlled factory environment. This off-site fabrication allows for simultaneous work processes, reducing overall construction time. Workers can fabricate the components while on-site preparation, such as foundation construction, occurs concurrently. This streamlined approach saves time, accelerates project schedules and minimizes disruptions to the construction site.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.177
Steel has long been a popular choice for construction due to its exceptional strength, durability and versatility. Over the years, advancements in technology and engineering have led to the development of advanced steel construction techniques. These techniques aim to push the boundaries of what steel structures can achieve in terms of strength, durability and overall performance. This article explores some of the key advancements in steel construction and their impact on the industry. One of the most significant advancements in steel construction is the development of high-strength steel. Traditional mild steel has been replaced by stronger alloys, such as High-Strength Low-Alloy (HSLA), steel and Advanced High-Strength Steel (AHSS). These materials exhibit superior strength properties, allowing for the construction of lighter structures with enhanced load-bearing capacity.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.178
Steel structures have been a cornerstone of modern construction for their strength, versatility and cost-effectiveness. In recent years, significant innovations in steel structure design have emerged, revolutionizing the way buildings and infrastructure are constructed. This article explores some of the key advancements in steel structure design that are driving construction efficiency and enhancing project outcomes. Parametric design is a powerful tool that allows engineers and architects to create complex and efficient steel structures. By using computer algorithms and predefined parameters, designers can explore numerous design iterations and optimize structural performance. Parametric design streamlines the design process, enabling rapid exploration of alternatives and facilitating efficient decision-making.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.179
Steel structures are known for their durability and strength, but like any other building material, they require regular maintenance and, at times, rehabilitation to ensure their longevity and structural integrity. This article explores the importance of maintenance and rehabilitation for steel structures, the common maintenance practices employed and the various techniques used for rehabilitating aging or damaged steel structures. Regular maintenance is crucial for steel structures to prevent deterioration, identify potential issues and extend their service life. Maintenance activities such as inspection, cleaning and protective coatings help mitigate corrosion, which is a common concern for steel structures. By addressing maintenance needs promptly, building owners can avoid costly repairs and ensure the safety and functionality of their steel structures over time.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.181
Seismic activity poses significant risks to buildings and infrastructure in high-risk areas. Constructing buildings that can withstand the destructive forces of earthquakes is essential for ensuring the safety of occupants and minimizing property damage. Seismic resistant steel structures have emerged as a reliable solution for constructing buildings that can withstand seismic forces. This article explores the importance of seismic resistance, the characteristics of steel that make it suitable for seismic applications and the various design strategies employed to create safe and resilient steel structures in high-risk areas. Seismic forces, generated by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, can cause severe shaking, ground displacement and structural failure. The magnitude of seismic forces is determined by factors such as the intensity of the earthquake, the proximity to the epicenter and the characteristics of the soil. It is crucial to understand these forces to design buildings that can effectively resist and dissipate seismic energy.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.182
Bridges are essential infrastructure elements that connect communities, facilitate transportation and foster economic growth. Among the various materials used in bridge construction, steel has emerged as a popular choice due to its exceptional strength, durability and aesthetic appeal. Steel bridges not only provide functional solutions for spanning gaps but also contribute to the architectural landscape with their elegance and versatility. This article explores the benefits and characteristics of steel bridges, the different types of steel bridge designs and their significance in connecting communities with both strength and beauty. Steel possesses exceptional strength and durability, making it an ideal material for bridge construction. Its high tensile strength allows for the creation of long-span bridges that can withstand heavy loads, including vehicles, pedestrians and even trains. Steel bridges exhibit excellent resistance to fatigue, corrosion and extreme weather conditions, ensuring their longevity and structural integrity over many decades.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.184
Roofing plays a crucial role in protecting buildings from the elements and enhancing their overall aesthetics. Steel roofing systems have gained popularity due to their exceptional durability, versatility and visual appeal. This article explores the benefits and characteristics of steel roofing systems, the different types of steel roof designs and their significance in enhancing both the performance and aesthetics of buildings. Steel roofing systems are known for their exceptional durability and longevity. Steel is highly resistant to impact, extreme weather conditions and fire. It does not crack, warp, or rot like other roofing materials, making it a reliable choice for long-term performance. Steel roofs can withstand heavy snow loads, high winds and hail, providing a robust protective layer for buildings in various climates.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.185
High-rise buildings have become iconic symbols of modern cities around the world. These towering structures challenge engineers and architects to create innovative solutions that combine functionality, aesthetics and structural integrity. Steel, with its exceptional strength and flexibility, has emerged as the material of choice for constructing high-rise buildings. This article explores the engineering marvels of steel structures in high-rise buildings and highlights their key advantages and contributions to modern architecture. Steel possesses a remarkable strength-to-weight ratio, making it an ideal material for high-rise buildings. The high tensile strength of steel allows for the construction of tall structures that can withstand significant vertical and lateral loads. Compared to traditional construction materials, such as concrete, steel structures offer superior strength while maintaining a lighter weight, resulting in more efficient use of materials and reduced structural dead load.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.186
In the face of growing environmental concerns, sustainable building practices have become a priority in the construction industry. Steel, known for its strength, durability and versatility, has emerged as a sustainable material choice for constructing environmentally conscious buildings. This article explores the concept of sustainable steel structures and highlights the environmentally friendly features and benefits they offer. One of the key advantages of steel structures is their high recyclability. Steel is a material that can be infinitely recycled without losing its properties, making it a valuable resource in the circular economy. At the end of a building's life cycle, steel components can be easily dismantled, recovered and reused in new construction projects. This reduces the demand for virgin materials and minimizes waste generation, making steel structures a sustainable choice.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.196
Steel has been a staple material in the field of industrial construction for decades and for good reason. It offers a wide range of advantages that make it an ideal choice for various applications. The strength, durability and cost-effectiveness of steel have been extensively studied and proven, solidifying its reputation as a go-to material for industrial projects. Steel is an indispensable material in the realm of industrial construction, offering a myriad of benefits that make it an optimal choice for a wide range of applications. Its unmatched strength, durability and versatility have established steel as a staple in the construction industry, particularly in the industrial sector. One of the most prominent advantages of steel in industrial construction is its exceptional strength. Steel possesses a remarkable strength-to-weight ratio, enabling it to bear heavy loads while remaining relatively lightweight.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.188
In the construction industry, steel structures are widely used due to their durability, strength and versatility. However, to ensure the safety and reliability of these structures, it is crucial to adhere to strict welding procedures and standards. Meeting regulatory requirements in welding is of paramount importance to safeguard workers well-being, protect public safety and uphold the integrity of the structures themselves. This article delves into the significance of ensuring regulatory compliance in welding procedures and standards for steel structures in the construction industry. The AWS also fosters knowledge sharing and professional development through conferences, seminars, workshops and publications. They promote research and development in welding technologies, collaborate with industry stakeholders and facilitate networking opportunities for professionals in the field.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.187
Corrosion is a pervasive and costly problem that affects various industries worldwide, causing significant damage to structures and infrastructure made of steel. The degradation of steel due to corrosion not only leads to financial losses but also compromises the safety and reliability of critical assets. To combat this destructive force, engineers and researchers have developed cathodic protection systems, a powerful defense mechanism that safeguards steel against corrosion. Galvanic cathodic protection systems are an effective and widely used method for safeguarding steel structures against corrosion. This corrosion control technique, also known as sacrificial anode cathodic protection, relies on the principle of creating a galvanic cell to prevent the corrosion of steel.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.192
Steel design codes and standards play a crucial role in ensuring the safety, efficiency and reliability of steel structures. As new materials, construction techniques and design philosophies emerge, it becomes imperative to revise and update these codes to address the evolving needs of the industry. In this article, we will explore some of the updates and revisions in the latest steel design codes and standards, highlighting their significance in the field of structural engineering. Steel design codes and standards are a set of guidelines and specifications that govern the design, fabrication and construction of steel structures. These codes are developed by organizations such as the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), Eurocode, British Standards Institution (BSI) and many others. They provide engineers, architects and construction professionals with essential information and requirements to ensure the safety, efficiency and reliability of steel structures.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.189
Structural upgrades are vital to ensure the safety, durability and performance of existing buildings. When it comes to retrofitting, steel is often the material of choice due to its high strength, ductility and versatility. However, selecting the most suitable steel retrofitting method requires careful evaluation and assessment. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the evaluation and assessment process for steel retrofitting methods in structural upgrades. When evaluating and assessing steel retrofitting methods for structural upgrades, there are several factors to consider. These factors include the specific goals of the retrofit, the structural condition and limitations of the existing building, the expected performance requirements, the budget and time constraints and the availability of resources and expertise.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.190
Graphite nodules, also known as flake graphite, play a crucial role in determining the mechanical properties of cast iron and steel. These nodules influence the material's strength, ductility and overall performance. Therefore, controlling the size, shape and distribution of graphite nodules is of paramount importance in steel production. In this article, we will explore various strategies and techniques employed to achieve effective graphite nodule control in the steel manufacturing process. Graphite nodules are a form of carbon that can be present in various types of steel. Unlike graphite flakes, which are commonly found in cast iron, graphite nodules have a spherical or nodular shape. The presence of these nodules in steel imparts desirable properties such as improved toughness, thermal conductivity and machinability.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.191
Steel trusses have long been recognized as a reliable and versatile structural system used in various construction projects, ranging from residential and commercial buildings to bridges and industrial facilities. The design of steel trusses plays a crucial role in ensuring the overall efficiency and stability of the structure. In recent years, innovative approaches in steel truss design have emerged, revolutionizing the way we construct efficient and sustainable buildings. This explores some of the cutting-edge techniques and technologies that are reshaping the field of steel truss design. Computational design and optimization techniques have revolutionized the field of steel truss design, allowing engineers to develop highly efficient and cost-effective structural systems. These advanced tools leverage the power of computer algorithms and simulations to explore a vast range of design alternatives and identify optimal solutions based on multiple performance criteria.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.193
Steel fabrication is a complex and labor-intensive process that requires careful planning, coordination and efficient execution. In a competitive market, improving productivity is crucial to stay ahead of the competition and maximize profitability. By implementing strategies for streamlined processes, steel fabrication companies can enhance productivity, reduce costs and deliver high-quality products to their clients. In this article, we will explore some effective strategies to optimize productivity in steel fabrication. Steel fabrication is the process of cutting, shaping and assembling steel structures and components for various applications. Streamlining steel fabrication processes involves optimizing and improving efficiency at each stage, from design to final production.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.194
In the field of structural engineering, ensuring the safety and performance of buildings and infrastructures in high-temperature environments is of utmost importance. One critical factor in achieving this is the fire resistance of the materials used. Among the various options available, steel stands out as a remarkable choice due to its exceptional fire-resistant properties. This article delves into the advantages of steel in fire resistance, its structural performance under extreme heat and innovative methods used to enhance its fire resistance. Steel is inherently fire resistant, making it a highly reliable material for structural applications. Unlike other materials, such as wood or concrete, steel does not ignite, soften, or emit toxic gases when exposed to fire. This property is primarily due to its high melting point, which ranges between 1370 °C to 1530 °C (2500 °F to 2790 °F). As a result, steel maintains its strength and structural integrity even at elevated temperatures, offering a significant advantage over other construction materials.
DOI: 10.37421/2472-0437.2023.9.195
Steel frames have long been recognized as a reliable and robust structural system in the construction industry. With their exceptional strength-toweight ratio and resistance to various environmental conditions, steel frames have gained popularity in a wide range of applications, from high-rise buildings to industrial structures. However, ensuring the long-term performance of steel frames requires a strategic approach that emphasizes durability and maintenance. This article explores key strategies for enhancing the durability of steel frames and maximizing their longevity. Steel frame sustainability refers to the ability of steel structures to meet present-day needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves the responsible use of steel as a construction material, considering its environmental impact, energy efficiency and long-term performance. Sustainable steel frame design and construction practices aim to minimize resource depletion, reduce carbon emissions and optimize the life cycle of structures.
Ghafooripour Amin, Nidhi A, Barreto R and Rivera A
Of the existing flooring system types, steel flooring systems are often times overlooked due to their material cost. However, this problem can be addressed by prestressing steel and reducing the weight of each element. Through a three-part analysis, this research concludes that using prestressed steel for flooring systems, when in an optimal configuration, is economically viable. The first part focuses on tests to determine an optimal stringer shape for the flooring system between I-beams and trusses. Once it was determined that truss stringers required less steel for their span, stage two focused on finding an appropriate tendon profile with the goal of cost reduction in mind. The final stage used a comparative cost analysis to ensure that the flooring system with the stringer shape and prestressing tendon profile selected in the previous steps were economically beneficial to those who might choose to adopt this method. The results show that the prestressed truss with straight tendons has maximum efficiency.
Ghazal T, Elkassas E and El-Masry MI
Nowadays, the power industry prefers using overhead lines instead of burying cables due to cost requirements. In spite of that, a problem lies in the fact that many of the existing older transmission systems are built with minimal or no consideration of dynamic effects. Moreover, demands require taller and more slender towers that may be subjected to heavier dynamic loads, and may undergo larger responses. Consequently, the study of the overhead power line failure and its consequences on the supporting towers is essential, especially when being located close to wind farms with risks of severe vibrations. This is a fact when considering the economic costs of failure of transmission lines, as well as the cascade failure that may happen to adjacent transmission towers. This research aims to study the effect of heavier wind loading on the response of the conductive cables and subsequently the lattice steel tower-cable system. This was achieved by creating a finite element model using computer software (ADINA) and (SAP2000). It is shown that many improvements can be made in current design methods promoting a reliability–based design procedure on designing the transmission line systems near wind farms.
Farhad Riahi, Tadeh Zirakian , Bijan Sanaati and Samrand Mohamad Karimi
In this paper, the effects of transverse stiffeners for improving the buckling and post-buckling behaviors of thin steel plates under compressive loading have been investigated through consideration of two parameters, i.e. stiffeners number and height. Moreover, the deformations associated with the buckling stability of unstiffened and stiffened plates have been evaluated through detailed comparison. Numerous numerical models have been developed using ABAQUS and the buckling behavior has been studied through performing nonlinear static analyses. Plate’s largest deformation has been considered for comparison purposes which may not be necessarily located in the center of the plate surface. The use of stiffeners by and large increases the load-bearing capacity of the plates; however, it is shown that lack of proper detailing of stiffened plates may unfavorably result in the reduction of the load-bearing capacity and, in general, adversely affect the stability performance of such commonly-used slender members.
Izad Farshid
Poland is quite possibly the main creators of crudesteel and steel things in Europe. During the previous decade a critical number of associations in steelarea in Poland attempt to diminish their impact onnature, applying the guidelines of cleaner creation(CP). The revamping of the business and execution neweco-headways caused an extension in bit ofmaterial reusing, fusing steel scrap recoupedunderway techniques and from post-use reusing. Dependent upon such a steel waste, it very wellmay be returned to the system as essentialness sourceor rough material for steel creation or likely be traded as co-thing to other mechanical applications. The reuse of these things is basic for the section inferable from judicious and natural perspectives Such headings of steel waste use are solid with the'zero squander' strategy and they should be moreover inspected in Polish conditions, thinking about theconceivable results of progress, modernization and improvement of new foundations. Theseeco-advances will be especially reinforced by European resources in new programming period 2014-2020.As of late, unsustained mining practices have incited abuse of ordinary resources causing expansive regular defilement. What's more, continually extending interest formetals, declining mineral assessments and complex newstores are generally adding to a rising inozone hurting substance (GHG) spreads from fundamental metal creation. The result of this is certaintythat the mineral taking care of besides, metal creationarea is going under growing strain to improve thegeneral practicality of its exercises, especially bydiminishing essentialness use, GHG releases andwaste expulsion. Overall common consistence is a huge objective in corporate activities. Government associations and adventures have taken various exercises toadd to efficient new development. It is connected with themoving towards an inexorably round economy (CE).The thought of a round economy has been first raised byBritish environmental monetary specialists Pearce and Turnerin 1990, who raised that a regular open-completed economy was made with no inborn tendency to reuse, which was reflected by remunerating natureas a waste storehouse. The purpose of round economy isto decline the resources so the structure capacitieswork in an ideal way. A huge piece of elbowroom ofround economy structures is to save the additionalestimation of things to the extent may be practical andtake out waste ('zero waste'). To keep resources insidethe economy when a thing has shown up at a mind boggling finish to productively use it again and consequentlymake further worth. Progress to a logically roundeconomy requires full central change, and headway in affiliation, society, plans, advancements and asset techniques. As of now, the thought ofCE is familiar with the organization procedure ofnumerous associations around the planet
Ghazi Hashem
Seismic retrofitting of existing invigorated concrete (RC) structures, arranged in the latest many years inseismic locales, is perhaps the most bewildering tasks for essential subject matter experts: in fact, it consolidates afew issues, for instance, assessing the constraint of existingindividuals, arranging the supplemental ones and researching the whole design. This paper is arranged asa obligation to clarifying a segment of those issues.Most critically, a model subject to using 1Dlimited segments with fiber portion discretizationis proposed for recreating the lead of an expense genuine steel device that can be used as an association inY-shaped erratic bracings (EB): particularly, thecyclic response and the low-cycle exhaustion corruption is illustrated, taking into account the delayed consequences ofgot in a past exploratory assessment finished at theUniversity of Salerno. Moreover, the overall response of a current RC layout outfitted with the recently referenced devices is inspected by methods for NonLinear Time History (NLTH) assessments. Consideringthe lowcycle shortcoming often prompts essentiallyprogressively extraordinary seismic dislodging demand an impetus on the retrofitted structure: a close by association is disclosed between some specific features ofthe seismic signs got in the NLTH and the genuineimpact of low-cycle wearinessStrengthened Concrete (RC) designs and structuresplanned what's more, recognized in the previousdecades in quake slanted zones are regularly depicted by important levels of shortcoming, as featuredby the mischief and falls saw in on-going seismic occasions.In this way, existing RC structures are for the mostpart denied for retrofitting all together to upgradetheir level of seismic prosperity as demonstrated by thestructure codes right now in force. On a fundamentallevel, a couple retrofitting strategies can be looked for after.Some of them rely upon including further essential systems, for instance, bracings, which are routinely madeof steel. Likewise, these fundamental structures fuse sections that are prepared for spreading the data seismic imperativeness. Though a couple of physical marvels,(for model, disintegration of sliding surfaces, consistency ofliquids, yielding of metals, and so on) are considered for organizing and understanding these dissipative segments,gadgets subject to the hysteretic lead initiatedby the cyclic response of steel parts disfiguredpast their yielding limit are the most everynow and again used ones. Along these lines, the distinctive shapesright now open accessible are related to thediverse actual miracles occurring in hystereticdispersal. To be sure, these parts can yield underhub powers (i.e., Buckling Restrained Bracings), bowing minutes (i.e., ADAS, TADAS, "long" joins, and soforth.), shear (i.e., "short" joins, shear sheets) andtwist.
Ashkan Aria
Kashmir lies in region where temperature in winter is very low. The temperature in Kashmir is often below 0°C during couple of months winter. Concrete mixed, transported and placed under low temperatures requires an understanding for the adverse effects of such environmental factors on the durability of concrete. The damage caused by extreme weather conditions can never be fully eliminated but efforts can be made to minimize these adverse effects. This research was undertaken to investigate the effects of Extreme weather on different properties of concrete and influence of early temperature on the strength of concrete. Three temperatures, two 5°C and one 25°C were selected and maintained for the first three days for freshly prepared concrete and during the early hardening state of concrete. After three days all the samples were cured at room temperature. The most common traditional mix of 1:2:4 was selected for the research work because it is used for maximum construction projects. Admixtures Sodium Nitrite was used to see useful effects of these during extreme weather conditions. After the conduct of research, it has been concluded that cold wheather concreting has serious effect on different properties of concrete, like strength, workability and rate of hardening, during the early hardening state. To eliminate the ill effects, it is the duty of the designer/engineer to plan in advance the selection of materials, types quality and quantity of admixtures and coordination of all phases of work so that conreting can be done safely without damage from freezing throughout the winter months in cold climates.
Dawud Danish
orrosion Ferro concrete is a composite material containing oflayered wire cross segments and rich cement sandmortar which presents genuine degree of malleabilityand essentialness engaging breaking point. In spite of the way that Ferrocement has validated itself as a fabulous materialfor negligible exertion dwelling, its toughness continues including concern inferable from the utilization weakness of the little broadness metallic wire networks.Assurance of help in Ferro concrete is ordinarily refined through the energizes wire work, extended amazing spread and thick mortar. These strategiesgive simply fragmentary confirmation to the stronghold againstconsumption. This article overviews the investigationsembraced to control disintegration in the Ferro concrete composites and as such improving the strength ofthe composites.There is an upsetting housing need Asia and the Pacificdistrict when everything is said in done and in the Indian setting explicitly. A judicious and a fundamental elective advancement material will contribute essentially in tacklingthe issue of housing. The course of action of appropriateresidences moreover, fundamental structure officesalongside seismic quake safe features, have been thesteady undertaking of the past researchers. Ferrocementhas validated itself as an amazing material forease tremor safe housing. Diverse investigation affiliations and non-government associations viz. CBRI,SERC, AVBC, HUDCO and some other private territory affiliations have also been locked in with multiplying the development for ground-breaking use of ferrocement units. The utilization helplessness puts aquestion mark on the convincing organization life offerrocement and its parts. Any procedure proposing theimproved life through use of utilization inhibitors will develop the ampleness of the Ferro cementmaterial structure for a more broad extent of usein upgraded zones including dwelling, cultivating, mechanical, terrestrial and marine, etc. Achievement of ferrocement, correspondingly similarly as with other materialrelies generally on its solidarity. Notwithstanding thefact that the ferrocement has validated itself as asuperb material for ease dwelling, uphold utilization is perhaps the main premise administeringsolidness of the ferrocement since the distance acrossof the wire networks used in ferrocement are a lotlittler as stood out from the customary strengthened concretecementThere is a disturbing lodging need Asia and the Pacific territory right when everything is said in doneand in the Indian setting expressly. A sensible and afundamental elective headway material will contribute through and through in dealing with the issue of lodging. Thegame plan of legitimate living courses of action furthermore, basic framework work environments close by seismic tremorsafe highlights, have been the predictable undertaking ofthe past scientists
Abdullah. Adeeb
Primary reaction under seismic loadings is ordinarily nonlinear and identified with numerous components, for example, underlying designs, material properties, inhabitance loads, quake risks and fragmented information on the framework. As every one of these components have their wellsprings of vulnerabilities, underlying reaction under seismic stacking has its probabilistic nature. Along these lines, the irregular variable for any primary interest follows a multivariate likelihood dispersion over the reconciliation space characterized by the breaking point states. Inspecting the probabilistic conduct of constructions under quake loadings needs to think about the wellsprings of vulnerabilities from all components. It is likewise realized that mathematical strategies, for example, the limited component strategy, are generally used to anticipate nonlinear primary reaction. The probabilistic primary interest is a discrete likelihood capacity of its connected factors.
David Boyajian* and Tadeh Zirakian
Construction practices involving the rehabilitating, retrofitting, and
reinforcing of concrete structures using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)
fabrics have been well documented. Experimental efforts to
characterize the effectiveness of this technology, however, have
included many large scale FRP-concrete tests for strength/stiffness
evaluations which do not detect delamination effects; small-scale tests,
on the other hand, only provide average interface strength properties
that neither describe failure mechanisms nor provide fracture
toughness data. In this paper, the experimental fracture mechanics
specimen known as the single contoured-cantilever beam (SCCB) was
used to obtain important quantitative results of FRP-concrete
interfaces as subject to a host of conditions: dry, freezing-thawing,
wetting-drying, fatigue, and surface roughness effects on the integrity
of the interface bond. The findings of this research effort demonstrate
both the importance of surface preparation towards achieving an
optimal bond as well as offering a means of gaging rates of degradation
of the interface under a variety of commonly encountered construction
environments.
Xianbo Zhao
Traditionally, risk management is segmented and conducted in
separate business units or departments (i.e. silos) within a company.
Under silo-based risk management, silos deal with their own risks, and
none single group or person in the company has a grasp of the entire
exposure that the company faces. This is attributed to the way people
think about solving problems, the existing organizational structure,
and the evolution of risk management practice. In addition, this is due
to the fact that each silo within a company possesses the best expertise
to address the risks within its area of responsibility.
Schierle GG
LDG is an Excel macro to design for lateral wind and seismic loads
based on ASCE 7 and the IBC (International Building Code). The
objective of LDG is to provide numerical tables and optional graphs to
visualize lateral design data. The graphs reinforce important informed
intuition regarding force, shear and overturn moment distribution.
LDG requests user input of building size as well as wind and seismic
data. Building data includes x-width, y-length, number of stories, story
heights, and dead load. The data may be equal or variable for all
stories. LDG also requests wind and seismic importance factors, wind
speed, exposure- and gust-factors, etc. for wind design, R-factors, Sfactors,
etc. for seismic design. For clarity, seismic data is beige and
wind data green. Based on the user input LDG provides numeric table
and optional graphs defining for each level lateral force, shear and
overturn moment. For wind load LDG provides data in both X- and Ydirections.
The graphs may be displayed on the Excel input screen or
on a separate Excel screen. The attached screen includes seismic force
Fs, shear Vs, overturn moment Ms and wind graphs in X-direction,
force Fwx shear Vwx and overturn moment Mwx. The first column of
the wind table provides the wind pressure in psf. LDG includes a
separate tutorial to introduce the LDG features and use (Figures 1 and
2).
Ghanbari Ghazijahani T
Brilliant ideas are worth as much as a complete research. Steel
structures have followed a quite well-trodden and yet challenging path,
particularly with the advent of new materials in construction industries.
As a result, innovative and stimulating ideas played a significant part,
since both researchers involving in constructions and/or industries
drew comparisons among different materials to achieve most optimal
ideas. In different research and construction projects, the major
concern that whether sole material or a composition of two (or more)
materials outweigh, has always been raised among decision makers.
Notwithstanding, the significant role of steel as a crucial element in
construction has remained inarguable. Despite this, the need for new
ideas has been always vitally felt to come up with innovations in steel
comparable with concrete and other materials. To this end, Journal
of Steel Structure and Construction (JSSC) aims to provide an open
international forum for bright ideas on steel structures. This paper
outlines the significance of the ideas in steel elements and puts few
instances forward among the new advances.
Xing Ma
Iron has been used as construction material in human society for
long time. The first iron-chain suspended bridge, 106 m span Jihong
Bridge, was built in Southwest China in 1400s. In Europe, the first
cast iron bridge appeared in 1700s in Telford, England. Cast iron was
later replaced by more reliable wrought iron for construction of most
railway bridges in early 1800s. It was not until late 1800s / early 1900s
that steel structural systems appeared and took over iron in modern
construction industry. Based on the manufacturing procedure, steel
structures can be separated into two main categories: hot-rolled steel
and cold-formed steel. Accordingly, there are two independent design
and constructional systems.
Journal of Steel Structures & Construction received 251 citations as per Google Scholar report
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