Since vagal control of the heart rate (HR) is impaired in athletes during the competition period, we hypothesized that soccer athletes engaged in a competitive season would exhibit an impaired HR recovery after exercise. Seven male soccer athletes and 9 male sedentary individuals were matched for age. Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed in sitting and upright position for 10 min. The HR and blood pressure (BP) were measured at rest, during treadmill exercise test and recovery period. Individuals were 24 ± 3 years old. The athletes had a lower HR (55 ± 3 bpm vs. 72 ± 10 bpm; P< 0.001) and systolic BP (108 ± 4 mmHg vs. 118 mmHg ± 6; P< 0.001) than sedentary individuals at rest. Low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) component of the HR were similar in both groups at sitting position. Active orthostatic test increased LF and reduced HF in both groups. Soccer athletes showed a higher maximal oxygen consumption (63 ± 5 ml.kg-1.min-1 vs. 47 ± 5 ml.kg-1.min-1; P= 0.001). The HR recovery in the first minute after exercise was similar in both groups. High-intensity exercise performed at the competition season may blunt heart rate recovery in soccer athletes.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality in the world special in United States. Patients with COPD often complain of dyspnea and fatigue in exercise intolerance, also significantly impede quality of life of them. Main propose in this study is comparison all of Physiological Factors in reports and results of researches in relevance to Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation in COPD patients with exercise approach. In this study with style of Theoretical basic research and data calculate of digital resources, PubMed, Science direct, Scopus, Guidelines of ERS/ATS with Bibliographic method. Our approach is comparison all of physiological factors in investigations relevant to exercise tests in cardiopulmonary rehabilitation of COPD patients include: VO2Max, VCO2, VE, HR, FEV1, FVC, assessment of perceptual responses e.g. dysfunctions in muscle, dyspnea, leg discomfort, fatigue and such as exercise-related arterial oxygen desaturation, dynamic hyperinflation and limb-muscle strength. In many researches more improved of VO2max in Cardiovascular limitation than Ventilate limitation in COPD patients. In Cycle ergometer testing, COPD patients had less in elicit O2 desaturation that might occur in during lung ambulation. By using maximal incremental treadmill exercise test protocols can be developed and increased tolerance exercise in COPD patients. Treadmill testing have more physiological limitations than cycle ergometer and COPD patients often in treadmill tests have more limiting factors: dyspnea and coughing.

Since vagal control of the heart rate (HR) is impaired in athletes during the competition period, we hypothesized that soccer athletes engaged in a competitive season would exhibit an impaired HR recovery after exercise. Seven male soccer athletes and 9 male sedentary individuals were matched for age. Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed in sitting and upright position for 10 min. The HR and blood pressure (BP) were measured at rest, during treadmill exercise test and recovery period. Individuals were 24 ± 3 years old. The athletes had a lower HR (55 ± 3 bpm vs. 72 ± 10 bpm; P< 0.001) and systolic BP (108 ± 4 mmHg vs. 118 mmHg ± 6; P< 0.001) than sedentary individuals at rest. Low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) component of the HR were similar in both groups at sitting position. Active orthostatic test increased LF and reduced HF in both groups. Soccer athletes showed a higher maximal oxygen consumption (63 ± 5 ml.kg-1.min-1 vs. 47 ± 5 ml.kg-1.min-1; P= 0.001). The HRV in the first minute after exercise was similar in both groups. High-intensity exercise performed at the competition season may blunt heart rate recovery in soccer athletes.

Achilles tendon injuries are common and complex especially in athletes and active people. Healing process occurs via scar tissue formation leading to poor outcomes for patients. Current surgical and non-surgical treatment modalities lead to sub-optimal tendon healing and each of them have complications. Therefore, to repair and restore tendon structure and function, a tendon graft is needed; therefore autografts, allografts and xenografts have been used. However, each of these grafts is associated with several limitations such as donor site morbidity and pain, poor biocompatibility, disease transmission and immune reaction which lead to graft rejection and failure. Tissue engineering is an advancing field that can either augment surgical repair or provide an alternative method for Achilles tendon repair. Among the components of tissue engineering technologies, the present article has discussed scaffolds and emphasized on collagen-based biomaterials. This article illustrated the causes behind the essential need for tissue engineering in Achilles tendon repair. Furthermore, it described the current literature regarding the use of collagen in Achilles tendon repair and the main points regarding application of collagen biomaterials and scaffolds in tendon tissue engineering.