Precision and Innovation in Targeting Cancer with Radiation Therapy

Gabriela Pereira^*
*Correspondence: Gabriela Pereira, Department of Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA, Email:

Keywords

Cancer • Medical • Target

Introduction

Radiation therapy, also known as radiotherapy, is a medical procedure that uses high-energy radiation to damage and kill cancer cells. The primary objective is to inhibit the cancer's ability to grow and divide, ultimately leading to its destruction. Radiation therapy can be administered externally (external beam radiation) or internally (brachytherapy) and is often used in conjunction with other cancer treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy and immunotherapy [1].

Literature Review

High-energy sources like X-rays, gamma rays, or charged particles are used to generate the radiation beams that target the tumor. Highly sophisticated computer systems are employed to design precise treatment plans. These plans determine the optimal radiation dose, angles and duration to maximize cancer cell destruction while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. Radiation therapy machines, such as linear accelerators or brachytherapy devices, are used to deliver the radiation to the patient. One of the most significant advancements in radiation therapy is the emphasis on precision. Innovations in imaging technology, such as CT scans, MRI and PET scans, enable oncologists to visualize the tumor and surrounding tissues with exceptional clarity. Real-time imaging during treatment helps ensure that the radiation beams precisely target the tumor, even as it may shift or change shape during treatment [2].

This technique allows for the adjustment of radiation beam intensity and direction, shaping the dose to match the tumor's contours while sparing healthy tissue. These approaches deliver high doses of radiation with extreme precision, often in just a few sessions. They are particularly effective for small, well-defined tumors or metastases. Stereotactic radiosurgery is a ground breaking medical technique that combines the precision of surgery with the non-invasiveness of radiation therapy. Contrary to its name, SRS does not involve traditional surgical incisions. Instead, it delivers highly focused and intense doses of radiation to specific targets in the body, primarily used for treating conditions in the brain and certain extra cranial areas. In this article, we will explore the principles, applications and advantages of stereotactic radiosurgery. SRS utilizes advanced imaging and computer-assisted technology to accurately target and irradiate pathological or tumor tissue while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy structures. Unlike conventional radiation therapy, which often requires multiple sessions, SRS delivers a concentrated dose of radiation in a single or a few sessions, providing an effective and convenient treatment option for certain medical conditions [3].

Discussion

Proton therapy uses charged particles instead of X-rays, allowing for even more precise delivery of radiation. It's especially valuable in treating pediatric cancers and tumors near critical structures. Combining radiation therapy with immunotherapy enhances the body's immune response to cancer cells, potentially increasing treatment effectiveness. These are drugs that make cancer cells more susceptible to radiation, potentially allowing lower radiation doses with equivalent efficacy. Radiation therapy is a cornerstone in the treatment of cancer, employing high-energy radiation to target and destroy cancer cells. While it has proven to be an effective method for cancer treatment, researchers and oncologists have continually sought ways to improve its efficacy while minimizing its side effects on healthy tissues. One significant advancement in this pursuit is the use of radiosensitizers. In this article, we will explore the concept of radiosensitizers, their mechanisms of action and their role in enhancing the effectiveness of radiation therapy in cancer treatment [4].

Treatment plans can be adjusted based on how the tumor responds during treatment, optimizing the therapeutic effect. Radiosensitizers are substances or agents that sensitize cancer cells to the effects of radiation therapy, making them more susceptible to radiation-induced damage and cell death. These compounds are designed to selectively enhance the response of cancer cells to radiation while sparing surrounding normal tissues. Radiosensitizers can be administered alongside radiation therapy or used as part of a multimodal treatment approach, including chemotherapy. One critical factor influencing the effectiveness of radiation therapy is oxygen availability in tissues. Radiosensitizers enhance the harmful effects of radiation by increasing oxygen concentration within tumor cells, thereby making these cells more vulnerable to radiation-induced DNA damage. Some radiosensitizers target the DNA repair mechanisms of cancer cells. By blocking the cell's ability to repair radiationinduced DNA damage, radiosensitizers can lead to greater DNA damage accumulation and cell death. Tumors often contain regions with limited oxygen supply (hypoxia), which are more resistant to radiation. Radiosensitizers can help overcome this resistance by improving oxygen levels in tumor tissues [5,6].

Conclusion

Radiation therapy has come a long way since its inception, evolving into a powerful and precise tool in the fight against cancer. By continually pushing the boundaries of precision and innovation, radiation therapy is now capable of effectively targeting cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. This not only increases the chances of successful treatment but also improves the quality of life for cancer patients. As the field of radiation therapy continues to advance, it offers hope to individuals facing cancer diagnoses. With each new breakthrough, radiation therapy brings us closer to a future where cancer can be effectively controlled, managed and even cured, ultimately changing the landscape of cancer care for the better.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

There is no conflict of interest by author.

References

1. Verissimo, Tanira V., Naiara T. Santos, Jaqueline R. Silva and Ricardo B. Azevedo, et al. "In vitro cytotoxicity and phototoxicity of surface-modified gold nanoparticles associated with neutral red as a potential drug delivery system in phototherapy." Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 65 (2016): 199-204.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

2. Kumar, Anil, Xu Zhang and Xing-Jie Liang. "Gold nanoparticles: Emerging paradigm for targeted drug delivery system." Biotechnol Adv 31 (2013): 593-606.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

3. Chen, Aicheng and Cassandra Ostrom. "Palladium-based nanomaterials: Synthesis and electrochemical applications." Chem Rev 115 (2015): 11999-12044.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

4. Huang, Xiaoqing, Shaoheng Tang, Xiaoliang Mu and Yan Dai, et al. "Freestanding palladium nanosheets with plasmonic and catalytic properties." Nat Nanotechnol 6 (2011): 28-32.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

5. Tang, Shaoheng, Xiaoqing Huang and Nanfeng Zheng. "Silica coating improves the efficacy of Pd nanosheets for photothermal therapy of cancer cells using near infrared laser." Chem Commun 47 (2011): 3948-3950.

 Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

6. Kim, Kabsun, Jung Ha Kim, Junwon Lee and Hye Mi Jin, et al. "MafB negatively regulates RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation." Blood 109 (2007): 3253-3259.

 Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at