Asamrew Adino*, Asegid Girma and Nego Hurma
Strongylosis is one of the most important internal parasitic diseases of equines caused by nematodes of strongylidae family affecting more than 80% equines in the world. The horse is host to a great number of gastrointestinal parasite species, of which nematodes of the family Strongylidae, commonly called strongyle nematodes or strongyles, are the most important. These parasites are ubiquitous and live as adults in the large intestine of equids. The main characteristic feature of strongyle nematodesis a well-developed buccal capsule, the shape and size of which are important for species identification. Strongyle nematodes of equids (horse, donkey, zebra) are classified into the subfamilies Strongylinae and Cyathostominae, sometimes categorized as large and small strongyles, respectively. Strongylus vulgaris is one of the large strongly and the most prevalent and pathogenic parasites of equines. Large strongyles show major pathogenesis that is encompasses verminous arteritis, damage of visceral organs, embolism or thrombosis leading to death and is mainly attributed to migrating larvae of parasites. The larvae of Strongylus species are causes to large nodules in the wall of caecum and colon with a considerable hemorrhage and the nodules become rupture and release the worm into the lumen of the intestine. In the heavy burdens bleeding can occur and leads to the death of the animals. Inspite of substantial improvements in understanding the life cycle of strongylus and adopting latest diagnostic techniques and implementing the most modern treatment and control measures, the disease is still prevalent and could not be eradicated from any part of the world. The current strategy engaged in seasonal use of anthelmintics is the key to arrest the disease and overcome anthelmintic resistance. Using a mixed grazing system and removal of all horse feces from the fields twice weekly is highly effective for the control of strongyles.
Natinael Dawit Kalacho* and Merete Mekuriya Detamo
A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2022 to August 2022 to estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors of gastrointestinal nematodes infecting small ruminants in Diguna Fango Woreda, Wolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 384 fecal samples (150 from sheep and 234 from goats) of all ages and sexes was collected and examined by using floatation technique. The overall prevalence of the nematode infection was 66.7% (256/384). Strongly eggs were the most prominent eggs identified during the study (75%) where by (7%) were positive for strongyloide egg, (5.5%) were positive for trichuris egg and (12.5%) were positive for mixed infections with strongly and strongyloide type of eggs. Among the risk factors considered in this study deworming history and sex showed significant association (P<0.05) with gastrointestinal nematode parasites prevalence. However, there was no statistically significant association (P>0.05) between the occurrence of the parasite infection and species, age, body condition and fecal consistency of the animals, In conclusion, the present study highlights the higher prevalence of gastrointestinal tract nematodes in small ruminants in the study area that could affect the health and productivity of the small ruminants. Therefore strategic gastrointestinal tract parasite deworming and control procedures and awareness creation to society should be implemented.
Turaki Usman Aliyu, Lawan Adamu*, Ismaila Alhaji Mairiga, Falmata Kyari, Muhammad Modu Bukar, Ogo Isaac, Ndudim, Bitrus Yakubu, Shitu Ismail
Four hundred and twenty-six (426) donkeys were sampled using the convenience sampling technique in markets, loading areas, and
watering points to determine the prevalence, associated risk factors, morphological and molecular characterization of piroplasms
present in the blood of infected donkeys from Gombe and Yobe States, Nigeria. Fifty-three ticks and 426 blood samples were collected
from donkeys for the identification of piroplasms using microscopy and molecular techniques. The prevalence of piroplasms observed in
the blood samples of donkeys via microscopic examination was 12 (2.81 %; CI = 1.62%, 4.86%) for B. caballi and none for T. equi while
multiplex PCR (MPCR) showed a prevalence of114 (26.76%; CI = 22.78%, 31.16%). Out of which 33 (7.75 %; CI = 5.75, 10.68)
represent T. equi and 78 (18.31%; CI = 14.93%, 22.26%) represent B. Caballi and 3 (0.07%; CI = 0.24, 2.04) represents a mixed infection of
B. caballi and T. equi. The prevalence of piroplasms in the internal organ of ticks was 21 (77.8%; CI =59.25%, 89.39%) in the primary
screening of ticks by PCR out of the 27 DNA extracted from the 53 ticks sampled. Out of 53 ticks sampled Riphicephalus had a
prevalence of 52 (98.11%; CI = 90.05%, 99.67%) and Amblyomma varigatum had a prevalence of 1 (1.89%; CI = 0.33%, 9.95%) and are the
species of ticks found on the donkeys in the studied areas. Phylogenetic analysis was performed after the 18SrRNA gene from 20 positive
samples (10 each from blood and ticks) were sequenced. The sequencing analysis suggested a 99-100% similarity of T. equi with the other T.
equi in the gene bank and after blasting alignment and analysis of the genes, accession numbers from the gene bank were assigned. The
accession numbers were MH355571, MH355572, MH355573, MH355574 and MH355575. It was also found that the group D isolates of T.
equi were closely related to the T. equi reported in Nigerian waterbucks. This is the first report of equine piroplasms sequencing from
the studied areas to the best of our knowledge.
Badasa Jalata*
A shortage of proteinaceous feed supplements in Ethiopia is very common. To overcome this problem non-conventional type of feeds are
recommended and presented in this review article. It is shown the gaps, processes and ways the proteins source feeds can be valorized in
the semi-urban and rural community of the country
Tesfa Mossie* and Dessie Abera
Newcastle disease is an acute viral disease that affects both domestic and wild bird species around the world. It is a costly and widespread disease in most poultry-producing countries, including Ethiopia. Newcastle disease virus is a member of the genus orthoavulavirus, species avian orthoavulavirus (AOAV-1), and a new subfamily Avulavirinae of the family Paramyxoviridae that causes Newcastle disease. The virus is a non-segmented, single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA virus. The virus's genome contains six open reading frames that encode six structural proteins and two non-structural proteins. The virus's two major surface glycoproteins are hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion protein. The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein mediates virus binding to host target cells, whereas the fusion protein facilitates viral envelope fusion with the cellular membrane of the target cells. Based on serological and phylogenic examination of the virus, fifteen distinct avian orthoavula virus serotypes are present. Strains are further grouped into three main pathotypes depending on their virulence and clinical signs: velogenic, mesogenic, and lentogenic. Newcastle disease is the most challenging avian disease in Ethiopia, resulting in significant economic losses for the poultry sector. The disease causes abrupt death with a 100% fatality rate to subclinical infection in chickens. The economic losses are associated with high mortality, morbidity, disease containment measures, outbreak eradication, and decreased egg production from breeder flocks. Regular outbreaks of the disease have posed a severe threat and confronted Ethiopia's burgeoning chicken sector. In endemic nations, there is a need to strengthen prevention and control strategies for Newcastle disease. As a result, this review article provides current scientific information on the Newcastle disease virus, including pathogenesis, antigenic variants, genetic diversity, current taxonomic classification, epidemiology, and various diagnostic techniques, in order to highlight the disease's control and prevention directions. Its goal is to combine numerous study findings from various sites and assess the disease's state in Ethiopia. Finally, to emphasize the poultry industry's economic importance in the country and to make recommendations for efficient management and prevention measures.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7579.2023.14.180
Emerging food borne pathogens are significant causes of morbidity and mortality both in developing nations as well as developed. Campylobacter is well recognized as the leading cause of bacterial food borne diarrheal disease and distributed all over the world. Campylobacteriosis is a collective description for infectious diseases caused by members of the bacterial genus Campylobacter. The only form of Campylobacteriosis of major public health importance is Campylobacter enteritis due to C. jejuni and C. coli. Research and control efforts on the disease have been conducted more often in developed countries than developing countries. However, because of the increasing incidence, expanding spectrum of infections, potential of HIV related deaths due to Campylobacter, epidemiological data suggest that Campylobacter remains a worldwide leading cause of gastrointestinal infections. Improperly prepared meat products, unpasteurized milk as well as non-chlorinated drinking water were shown to be the main sources of Campylobacteriosis. National surveillance programs and international collaborations are needed to address the substantial gaps in the knowledge about the epidemiology of Campylobacteriosis in developing countries. The aim of this review paper is to assess the global and national epidemiology and public health significance of Campylobacter with emphasis on the prevention and control options in developing countries following the experience of developed countries.
Bezina Arega Emeru*, Shimels Tikuye Yalew, Gebremeskel Mamu Werid, Berhanu Abera and Melesse Eshete Hilemariam
DOI: https://www.hilarispublisher.com/admin/index.php?page=ft-preview&id=100885
Bovine Tuberculosis (BTB) is one of the main diseases caused by Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. M. bovis can infect wide range of domestic and wild animals including human. In Ethiopia, the endemic nature of bovine tuberculosis in domestic animals has long been reported and recent studies also showed that BTB is endemic mainly in cattle, in large parts of the country with considerable magnitude. The disease found to be less prevalent in rural area with characteristics of small holder farms rearing mainly Zebu cattle. However, on urban and semi-urban areas, market oriented production system leads to farming of high grade dairy cattle over a longer period of time exhibiting high prevalence level of the disease.
Uhuo Cosmas Augustus*, Oliver Odikamnoro Onyemeze, Onwe Chikaodili Simeon, Eze Gideon Chinedu, Nwokporo Nkiruka, Obealor Ogochukwu and Mary A Ben Chukwu
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7579.2023.14.194
All over the world, ectoparasites is a serious menace to livestock, as well as human. Their parasitic activities include transmission of pathogenic organisms while feeding on the host tissues, establishment of their parasitic larval stage at the sub-dermal region of the skin, thereby creating a room for invasion of infectious organism. The study of tick’s ectoparasites bionomics among household animals in Ebonyi state was conducted in Ebonyi central district in 2019 using standard entomological techniques. A total of 300 animals were examined at different predilection sites and hygiene for ectoparasite bionomics. The result revealed that of the 539 (179.7%) ectoparasite recovered, sheep had the highest prevalence 215 (39.80%) followed by goats 191 (35.40%) and lastly dog 133 (24.66%). There was a mixed infestation among the animals examined of which sheep was infested with 55 (47.83%) ticks, goat 50 (43.48%) and dog 40 (34.78%). These ectoparasites had a high infestation rate in the animals assessed with very poor hygiene and nutritional standard, therefore control and treatment of these infested animals should be taken seriously because of the damage caused on these animals. The study also revealed that most ectoparasites were choice specific in infestation. It is therefore recommended that further research on the occurrence and spread of ectoparasites diseases should be carried out to cover other areas of Ebonyi state.
Yalew Abiyu Senbeto*
Nontyphoidal Salmonella is most important food borne zoonotic pathogens causing gastro enteritis both in developed and developing countries of the world. They represent an important human and animal pathogen worldwide. A cross sectional study was conducted to isolate Nontyphoidal salmonella from goat feaces at Haramaya district, specifically Becheke and Ifa Bate peasant associations. A total of 126 feacal sampe was directly collected from rectum and processed in laboratory based on protocol recommended by the International Standardization Organization designed for isolation of salmonella (ISO-6579, 2002) with some modifications. Out of the total 126 goat faecal samples examined, 4(3.2%) was detected to be positive. The prevalence was slightly higher in Ifa Bate (4.9%) than 1(1.5%), Becheke with no significant difference in the prevalence. The prevalence of salmonella was also found to be higher in young goats 1(8.3%), followed by old 2(5.3%) and adult 1(1.3%) goats with no significant statistical association between the age groups. The prevalence of salmonella was also found to be slightly higher in female goats. Since there were no previous study in the area, this study indicate that the necessity of a further Investigation on the isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility and Epidemiology of non-typhoid salmonella from goat feces.
Eden Woldegerima*, Mastewal Birhan, Mequanint Melesse, Destaw Fetene Tesshome, Asnakew Belete, Rediet Eristu and Nega Berhane
Background: Toxoplasmosis, caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is a significant public health concern in Ethiopia due to its high prevalence and associated risk factors. Exploring the mechanism in the causal pathway how risk factors affect T. gondii is paramount important to develop targeted, population specific public health interventions to reduce the burden of Toxoplasmosis among pregnant women in the community. Hence, this study aimed to determine the relationship between risk factors and their contribution for development for T. gondii among pregnant women attending at Central Gondar Zone Public Hospitals.
Methods: A cross sectional study conducted questioner survey was conducted using questions based on the framework to confirm how the disease is transmitted. A set of rating scale questions was used to measure each model construct. Data was collected using a semi-structured Amharic version questioner. Total of 554 study pregnant women participated in this study. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) used to explore the mechanism how risk factors affect T. gondii using AMOS-version 18. Data entered into SPSS-2020. Each parameter's Cornbrash's alpha was assessed using the average inter-item correlations. The path coefficient used to estimate the coefficient.
Results: The SEM analysis showed that the proposed model was appropriate and the data fit reasonably well (χ2=131.493, RMSEA=0.176, CFI=0.866, TLI=0.139, IFI=0.871, NFI=0.865, Degrees of freedom=7). The risk factors suggested that both education and residence were associated with increased exposure to cat faeces. Residence was also found to be positively correlated with dust exposure. However, there was an inverse association between education and dog contact. The regression investigation revealed statistically significant associations between residence, dust exposure, and water-related.
Conclusion: The model demonstrates a reasonable fit, suggesting regular awareness creation for toxoplasmosis management techniques, providing baseline information for control and prevention strategies, and improving toxoplasmosis knowledge and epidemiology.
Aboudou Habirou Kifouly*, Géorcelin Alowanou, Pierre Challaton, Esaïe Tchetan, John Dossou, Gilles-Christ Akakpo, Fréjus Zinsou and Cyrille Kodoéito Boko
In Benin, abortion significantly affects the productivity of small ruminant herds. This study assessed the impact of Chlamydia abortus on hematological and biochemical parameters in infected small ruminants in Plateau department. Blood samples from 25 infected sheep and goats across five districts were analyzed. The results showed a marked decrease in red blood cells, particularly hematocrit levels (22.7 ± 4 in Sakété). Animals under two years old also exhibited a significant drop in hematocrit levels (23.2 ± 2.9). In the white blood cell lineage, there was a substantial decrease in neutrophils (22.8 ± 2.4 in Ifangni), lymphocytes (39.0 ± 4.8 in Kétou), and an increase in monocytes (7.3 ± 2.1 in Pobè) and basophils (4.0 ± 1.8 in Adja-Ouèrè). Among animals under two years old and those that had aborted once, only lymphocyte levels showed a significant decrease (38.2 ± 5.5* and 38.9 ± 5.3* respectively). Biochemical analysis indicated elevated globulin levels (6.0 ± 1.6 in Kétou) and total protein (8.7 ± 1.5 in Pobè, 8.8 ± 3.0 in Kétou), while total protein and albumin levels decreased in Ifangni (4.4 ± 2.1) and Adja-Ouèrè (1.9 ± 0.2). Increased total protein levels were noted in animals under two years old (8.2 ± 3.3) and those that had aborted (8.5 ± 3.0). Hepatic profiles showed increased total bilirubin in Pobè. Ionic profile results revealed decreased calcium (8.5 ± 1.3) and sodium (134.2 ± 5.6) in Adja-Ouèrè, with increased phosphorus (6.2 ± 2.8 in Ifangni, 5.3 ± 1.8 in Sakété) and magnesium (2.9 ± 0.2 in Ifangni) levels. The study concludes that infection in these animals leads to hypochromic anemia, renal function disruption, and phospho-calcic metabolism imbalance, evident from the low red and white blood cell parameters, and altered biochemical and ionic profiles.
Emmanuel H. Lyimo* and Benedicto Njavile
Genital ulceration disease in olive baboon (Papio anubis) caused by Treponema Pallidum, the disease causes moderate to severe genital ulceration in the population of an olive baboon. The study on the association between genital ulceration and body condition of olive baboons was conducted in the Lake Manyara National Park in Tanzania. The study investigated the body condition of affected and non-affected olive baboons across an observation of 599 and reveals the proportion of affected and non-affected in the surveyed population. A pair of binoculars (10 x 50) were used whenever the located individual was observed healthy or with a clinical sign.
QGIS version 3.1 was used to map baboon distribution in the study area. R-studio version 2.3.1 was used to test the association between body condition and affected olive baboon. Results revealed that a total number of 104 individuals, 56 males 47 females were affected. Results also indicated that there is a positive association between the body condition and the affected baboon, R=0.23, while there is a negative association on non-affected individuals’ correlation R=-0.45.
The proportion shows significant variation between affected and non-affected individuals, χ2=53.772, df=17, P=0.001. On the other hand, the affected baboons revealed more emaciation, alopecia hand, rough hair signs compared to non-affected individuals. The most affected sex was female however there is no significant variation of sex in affected individuals χ2=65.03, df=51, P= 0.08941. It is concluded that Treponema pallidum infection with genital lesion associated with body condition is common in baboons of Lake the Manyara National Park.
A four years age male (jack) Donkey from wolaita Zone zagare kebele was presented to Damot Gale woreda Veterinary clinic on 02 February 2022, with the history of wound on the back; improper harnessing, padding, overloading and overworking. The main clinical signs were wound on back due to overloading for long distances without proper harness (padding) were the most cause of donkeys back sore wound. This case revealed that there is no variation in the treatment offered to donkeys with different risk factors sex, age, cause of sore and body condition score. Majority of donkeys with back sore wound was not gained any treatment. This infers that back sore is the major health and welfare problems of donkeys that compromise performances of working donkeys. After Bathe the wound with cold, clean water and ensuring treatments (wound spray) and procaine penicillin the wound of donkey heals in the best possible way followed by donkeys with the back sore should get sufficient rest and Regular and continuous community education about the proper use of harness on their donkeys should be given.
Moti Wakgari
Gumboro is commonly reported from different parts of Ethiopia. However, in local chicken flocks of Ilubabor, there is no known sero-status of the disease. To address this information gap, a cross-sectional study was conducted in local backyard chicken flocks of three districts of Ilubabor Zone where chick mortality and morbidity were a big problem. The objectives of the study were to estimate seroprevalence of IBDV by using Indirect Enzyme Linked-Immune Sorbent Assay and to assess its risk factors. A total of 480 chickens were sampled from randomly clustered 160 flocks and serum samples were processed at Bedelle Regional Veterinary Laboratory Center. Out of 480 serum samples tested, 207 were positive and the overall chicken level seroprevalence of the IBDV antibody in the study area was found to be 43.13% (95% CI: 38.69-47.56) and flock-level seroprevalence was 45.63%(73/160) (95% CI: 37.91-53.34) with almost all test positive flock chickens were seropositive. Multivariable analysis at chicken level showed that the odds of IBDV seroprevalence was significantly high in Metu and Bilo Nopa districts, in purchased chickens, in female chickens, in adult chickens and at flock level in chickens mixed with exotic breeds, in flocks having greater than 5 chickens. This study shows that IBDV is circulating in chicken population of Ilubabor at a high prevalence level. Therefore, further study on serotypes and strains of IBDV identification should be carried out to design suitable control and prevention measures
Oluwapelumi Victoria Boluwaji
Animal welfare is a complex concept with three areas of concern which include whether the animal is functioning well (eg good health, productivity etc), whether the animal is feeling well (eg absence of pain etc) and whether the animal is able to perform its natural/speciesspecific behaviour that are thought to be important to them (eg grazing). The World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) also gave these three states in its definition, in the veterinary training resource ‘Concepts in Animal Welfare’
Ahmed Dawod
This study aimed to investigate the effect of climatic factors, including temperature-humidity index (THI) and rainfall level (RFL) regarding the parity on the incidence of mastitis, milk yield, and composition in Holstein cattle in Egypt. A total of 2496 lactating cows were used from different 4 dairy farms located in Egypt. One hundred dairy cows were selected from each dairy herd for detection of the effect of different climatic factors and parity on milk composition and somatic cell count (SCC).The data grouped according to parity into 1, 2, and >2 parity groups. Also, the animals grouped according to THI into low (80) THI level and regrouped according to RFL into low (5 mm) rainfall per month. Obtained results revealed an increase in daily milk yield, milk protein %, fat %, and SCC with the increase of parity. Also, high THI significantly (p≤ 0.05) decreased daily milk yield (29.45 kg) and increased SCC (415 × 103 cell/mL). In high THI and low RFL climatic conditions, multiparous cows were prone to the occurrence of clinical mastitis compared to primiparous ones (p≤ 0.001); especially during mid and late lactation stages. In conclusion, high THI and low RFL impaired dairy performance and increased the frequency of clinical mastitis
Birhan Agmas
Client satisfaction in veterinary service is seen as a desired outcome of veterinary services to assess the quality of health care for livestock. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the perceived levels of customer satisfaction with veterinary service rendered inperi-urban areas, in North Western Ethiopia. In this study, a cross-sectional survey was undertaken from August to December 2018 with the purpose of assessing satisfaction of farmers/clients towards veterinary services in the study area. Multi-stage sampling technique was applied for selecting study districts and kebeles. Simple random sampling was used to select individual household veterinary services clients. A total of 422household service users were interviewed from three districts. The collected data was entered into Microsoft's Excel spreadsheet and analyzed by using the SPSS version 20.0. Statistical significance was taken at P–value ≤0.05 as cut of the point. The overall client satisfaction and dissatisfaction level with the veterinary health services in the study area was 24.88% and 75.12% respectively. Furthermore, satisfaction with the veterinary clinic service was found to have a significant association with service availability, service quality/ effectiveness, client needs met, vaccine availability, getting help, awareness campaign, consultancy service on animal husbandry practices and in-time availability of veterinary officers those. In conclusion, the survey analysis indicated that poor veterinary service clients’ satisfaction in northwestern Ethiopia and hence the veterinary service management should undertake this weak service and plan for a better service delivery.
Abdi Feyisa*
Tetanus is a fatal disease of horses and humans instigated by Clostridium tetani. The agent is known for producing potential toxins responsible for spastic paralysis. A cart-horse with a complaint of shivering, unable to take in feed and water, and hesitant to walk is described in this case report. The physical examination was indicated an increased in respiratory rates (32breaths/min). The third eyelid of the horse was prolapsed (right side) and had stiffened gait and locked jaws (unable to take water and feed and ropy saliva). A deep puncture due to nail was seen on the sole of the left forelimb. The findings were concluded as tetanus. The treatment protocols executed wound management, neutralizing circulating toxin, reducing further hyper-excitability, contractility, and bacterial propagation. The concurrent administration of Procaine penicillin G, Tetanus antitoxin (TAT), Acepromazine, and other supportive therapy was conveyed successful recovery within
two weeks. Hence, tetanus could be cured if treated early and following the proper protocol.
Edget Alembo
A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted in Arba Minch Zuria and Demba Gofa districts of Gamo and Gofa Zone of the Southern nation nationalities and people’s regional state with the objectives of assessing knowledge of hygienic practice of milk and cheese handlers in both study area. For this a total of 102 farmers who involved in milking, collecting and retailing of milk were included in the study area. Data obtained from questionnaire survey were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Chi –square test, using the Statistical package for social science (SPSS Version 17). The participants of this study were woman of different age group and 27(52.9%) of participants in Arba Minch Zuria and 32(64.7%) in Demba Gofa were >36 years old. The majority of participants 21(41.2%) and 22(43.1%) were educated up to grade 1-8 in Arba Minch Zuria and Demba Gofa, respectively. This had an impact on hygienic practice of milking and milk handling. The difference in hygienic handling, training obtained and cheese making practice among the study areas were statistically significant (p0.05) with significant difference in Prognosis, Level of skin infection and Selling practice among study participants in both study areas (p<0.05). Good manufacturing; handling practice as well as hygienic milking and cleaning practice should be improved in both study areas.
Veterinary Science & Technology received 4472 citations as per Google Scholar report
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