Asamrew Adino*, Asegid Girma and Nego Hurma
Strongylosis is one of the most important internal parasitic diseases of equines caused by nematodes of strongylidae family affecting more than 80% equines in the world. The horse is host to a great number of gastrointestinal parasite species, of which nematodes of the family Strongylidae, commonly called strongyle nematodes or strongyles, are the most important. These parasites are ubiquitous and live as adults in the large intestine of equids. The main characteristic feature of strongyle nematodesis a well-developed buccal capsule, the shape and size of which are important for species identification. Strongyle nematodes of equids (horse, donkey, zebra) are classified into the subfamilies Strongylinae and Cyathostominae, sometimes categorized as large and small strongyles, respectively. Strongylus vulgaris is one of the large strongly and the most prevalent and pathogenic parasites of equines. Large strongyles show major pathogenesis that is encompasses verminous arteritis, damage of visceral organs, embolism or thrombosis leading to death and is mainly attributed to migrating larvae of parasites. The larvae of Strongylus species are causes to large nodules in the wall of caecum and colon with a considerable hemorrhage and the nodules become rupture and release the worm into the lumen of the intestine. In the heavy burdens bleeding can occur and leads to the death of the animals. Inspite of substantial improvements in understanding the life cycle of strongylus and adopting latest diagnostic techniques and implementing the most modern treatment and control measures, the disease is still prevalent and could not be eradicated from any part of the world. The current strategy engaged in seasonal use of anthelmintics is the key to arrest the disease and overcome anthelmintic resistance. Using a mixed grazing system and removal of all horse feces from the fields twice weekly is highly effective for the control of strongyles.
Natinael Dawit Kalacho* and Merete Mekuriya Detamo
A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2022 to August 2022 to estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors of gastrointestinal nematodes infecting small ruminants in Diguna Fango Woreda, Wolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 384 fecal samples (150 from sheep and 234 from goats) of all ages and sexes was collected and examined by using floatation technique. The overall prevalence of the nematode infection was 66.7% (256/384). Strongly eggs were the most prominent eggs identified during the study (75%) where by (7%) were positive for strongyloide egg, (5.5%) were positive for trichuris egg and (12.5%) were positive for mixed infections with strongly and strongyloide type of eggs. Among the risk factors considered in this study deworming history and sex showed significant association (P<0.05) with gastrointestinal nematode parasites prevalence. However, there was no statistically significant association (P>0.05) between the occurrence of the parasite infection and species, age, body condition and fecal consistency of the animals, In conclusion, the present study highlights the higher prevalence of gastrointestinal tract nematodes in small ruminants in the study area that could affect the health and productivity of the small ruminants. Therefore strategic gastrointestinal tract parasite deworming and control procedures and awareness creation to society should be implemented.
Yitayew Demessie1*, Aschalew Tsega2 and Asnakew Mulaw2
Service quality and customer satisfactions are necessary concepts in veterinary service and its product provider sectors have emphasized. Veterinary clinics as service provider need to have improved quality service to satisfy their clients. The government of Ethiopia established veterinary clinics almost in each district to provide services to the farmers. A survey was conducted from February 2022 to July 2022 in University of Gondar, Koladba district and Gondar town veterinary clinics to assess the level perceived service quality and client satisfaction in veterinary clinics. A total of 398 clients were selected based on convenient sampling out of 55,000 clients in three veterinary clinics. Questionnaire was developed using SERVPERF model dimensions (tangibility, reliability, responsibility, assurance and empathy) to assess the existed service quality in these veterinary clinics. The result revealed that clients were received better services with reliability dimensions of service performance followed by empathy, assurance and tangibles while responsiveness dimension was the least and the grand mean for overall service quality was 4.02. Among three veterinary clinics, Gondar teaching clinic provide a quality service. The finding indicated, there was positive relationship between service quality dimensions (tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy) and client satisfaction. Among dimensions, tangibility was the most important factor which influences overall client satisfaction. Furthermore, 64.6% of the variations in client satisfaction in the veterinary clinics were explained by the five dimensions of service quality. The majority of the clients believed that service quality as good and those clinics perform well even though still attention is needed in certain items. Government should give special attention for quality service in veterinary clinic. Veterinarians should give the necessary attention to the development of the service as it played a role in client satisfaction.
Arash Abdian Samarin and Mohammad Ali Norouzian*
Trace minerals are critical for production and reproduction in livestock. It has been demonstrated that organic mineral can be transported intact from intestinal lumen into mucosal cells, resulting in increased tissue supply of minerals and subsequently improved animal productivity. This study compared an organic amino acid-mineral complex supplement versus a non-organic mineral supplement in term of effect on performance, carcass and meat quality of finishing Zandi lambs under ambient heat stress. Eighteen Zandi male lambs (28.5 ± 1.4 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of the three dietary treatments. Control, 2 and 3 basal diet supplemented with inorganic and organic trace mineral supplements (Zn, Cu, Mn and Co). Blood samples were collected days 0, 25, 50, and 70 of experiment from jugular vein. At the end of feeding period (70 days), lambs were slaughtered and meat samples from the longissimus thoracis muscle were analyzed for proximate composition (moisture, protein, fat and ash), macro (Ca, K, P, Na, Mg, S), micro (Cu, Zn, Co, Mn, Fe, Mo, Se, Cr) and heavy minerals (As, Al, Pb, and Cd). There was no effect of trace mineral source on lamb growth rate or carcass traits, but the fat content of longissimus muscle was decreased by 22.6% in organic mineral supplement fed lambs (P<0.05). The Zn and Fe contents in muscle was significantly (P<0.05) higher in lambs fed diets containing mineral supplement. Lower contents of heavy metals including Pb and Ni, were observed in muscle samples from lambs fed inorganic minerals (P<0.05). The results of the study indicate that dietary minerals supplementation can decrease carcass fat content and the concentration of heavy metals in muscle tissue of finishing lambs.
Ngah Osoe Bouli Freddy Patrick*, Aliou Mohamadou, Moffo Frederic, Hamidou liman, Adamou Moise, Mamoudou Abdoulmoumini and Wafo Fokam Agnes Jorelle
From January to December 2022 a study was carried out in Cameroon to have the microbiological profile of honeys produced in the most productive areas, according to the transformational levels. For that, 150 samples were collected proportionally to the weight production of each are with respectively 90 samples in the bimodal forest, and 30 in the western highlands and Sudanoguinean agroecological zones. These samples were analysed via the plate count methods and the Analytical Profile Index (API 20E-BIOMERIEUX®) according to the manufacturer’s guidelines. The results obtained showed that all the samples were contaminated, 48.66 ± 33% of them having load level above the recommended ones. Risks factors associated with the contamination of honeys revealed a strong association (p<0.001) between the microbial agent and the technological level. A multilinear regression analysis showed that there is a high correlation of contamination of honey at the market level with those at the hive and extraction levels (F (1,4)=96,63, with p<0.01; R²=0.96). In general, type of hives and extraction method influence the probability of contamination, straw hives and traditional methods having a positive influence. The honey from market were more contaminated than those at the extraction level, followed by those from the hives, while honey from the Sudanoguinean area were more contaminated followed by those from the bimodal forest, and those of the western highlands being the less. These results bring a new insight in the risk factors of contamination of honeys in Cameroon, and may help to put a place a training program to promote good beekeeping practices in order to ameliorate the quality of hone so as its productivity.
Ngah Osoe Bouli Freddy Patrick*, Mamoudou Abdoulmoumini, Hamidou liman, Moffo Frederic, Aliou Mohamadou and Wafo Fokam Agnes Jorelle
From January to December 2022 a study was carried out in Cameroon to have a global view of beekeeping practice and the quality of the main product: Honey in relation with technological level. For this purpose, 131 beekeepers were interviewed randomly in the main productive areas of the country and 150 samples analysed. Four physico-chemical variables were studied that is pH, electric conductivity and water content from samples collected at the hive level, at the extraction phase at in the markets. The beekeeping evaluation revealed that the activity is done by young men of 44.73 ± 8.73 years’ average, each beekeepers managing around 36.18 ± 20.23 hives with an annual average production of 14.56 ± 11.68 litres per hive. Physicochemical evaluation revealed that almost quarter of the honey samples do not fit the codex Alimentarius standards. pH values were within the normal ranges so as sugars contents and were not influenced by the agroecological origin, but water content and electric conductivity were highly dependent of them (p<0.0001). Moreover, the majority of these variables were influenced by the technological level, with the general observation that honeys had poor physicochemical as we go from the hive to the market. This information obtained for the first time in the country reveal a need of sensibilisation program not only for producers and sellers but even for consumers to ensure that the product is not degraded by poor storage condition and beekeeping practices.
Leta Muleta Kisi*, Amana Feyisa Ammesa, Getachew Gugsa Amede and Beksisa Urge Hurisa
A cross-sectional study was conducted in Holeta town and Adea Berga district on model dairy farms from November 2020 to April 2021 with the aims of determining the prevalence of calf scour and its associated risk factors and identification of helminth parasites (Ostertagia and Cooperia) and E. coli. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the prevalence and Pearson’s Chi-square (χ2) test was applied to assess the association between the prevalence of calf scour and different risk factors. The overall prevalence of calf scour was found to be 57 (48.7%). Of the total positive samples 29.8%, 35.1%, 22.8, and 12.3% were found to be positive for E. coli, Ostertagia, Cooperia and mixed (Ostertagia and Cooperia), respectively. The results of Chi-square (χ2) analysis revealed that among the different risk factors associated with the occurrence of calf scour only colostrum feeding (P=0.001; χ2=10.191), breed (P=0.001; χ2=10.191), body condition (P=0.00; χ2=21.680) and hygiene (P=0.037; χ2=6.594) had significant difference in the prevalence of calf scour. Of the total 117 examined calves 17 (14.5%) were positive for E. coli. Among the different risk factors associated with the occurrence of colibacillosis age (P=0.000; χ2=23.576), colostrum feeding (P=0.002; χ2=9.199), breed (P=0.002; χ2=9.199), and hygiene (P=0.000; χ2=16.453) had significant difference in the prevalence of colibacillosis. Of the total 117 examined calves 40 (34.2%) were positive for helminth parasites. Of the helminth positive samples 50%, 32.5%, and 17.5% were positive for Ostertagia, Cooperia, and mixed (Ostertagia and Cooperia), respectively. Among the different risk factors associated with the occurrence of helminthiais age (P=0.012; χ2=6.307), and body condition (P=0.00; χ2=22.756) had significant difference in the prevalence of helminthiais. In general, the current study revealed that there is alarmingly high prevalence of calf scour in the study areas. Hence, improved calf management practices should be implemented so as to minimize the occurrence of calf scour in the study areas.
Temesgen Sendekie* and Habtamu Tassew
Increased seafood consumption in general, and fish consumption in particular, has sparked some interest in food safety, despite a lack of understanding of the precautions that must be taken to avoid dangers. Physical contact with fish, as well as eating it, might expose the people to bacterial pathogens that are harmful to health. The goal of this review study is to provide a broad overview of the four bacterial infections that affect both fish and humans. When handling infected fish water, bacterial infection is most commonly obtained by abrasions, cuts, or deep lesions in the skin. Mycobacterium species, Streptococcus iniae, Aeromonas specieces, and Vibrio vulnificus are among the most well-known zoonotic bacteria acquired from fish. Consumption of raw infected fish and fish products, and contact with contaminated water or infected fish, the existence of zoonotic bacteria in fish in Ethiopia could provide a potential risk to human health. Despite the fact that fish pathogens receive less attention, zoonotic bacteria are found all across the world, including Ethiopia. The main prophylactic methods for minimizing the risk of exposure are basic hygiene and complete hand washing promptly after handling seafood. Veterinarians, their employees, and their clients should always take precautions to avoid exposing open cuts and abrasions to water. Most of the reviewed articles are done by taking tissue samples, including skins, gills, intestines, swim bladders, kidneys, and livers. Biochemical tests are the most widely used technique to identify pathogens. Both natural water bodies and aquaculture are covered by the studies, unlike studies done in Ethiopia, which are entirely on lakes and rivers. Their findings also varied across species, countries, diagnostic techniques, etc. More research is needed to demonstrate the presence of risk factors as well as the method of transfer from the aquatic environment (fish) to humans.
Ngah Osoe Bouli Freddy Patrick*, Mamoudou Abdoulmoumini, Aliou Mohamadou, Adamou Moise, Moffo Frederic, Hamidou liman and Wafo Fokam Agnes Jorelle
From January to December 2022, a study was carried out in Cameroon in order to assess the pesticide honey contamination and presence of other toxic compounds and the related public health significance. In order to achieve these objectives, 150 samples were collected from the three much honey productive areas respectively at the hive, extraction and market levels and analysed. The pesticide and others compound determination was done through the QuEChERS coupled with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, while the health risk assessment was done by the calculation of the Hazard Index (HI) associated with each compound. A total of thirteen samples (prevalence=8.69%) were positive to four toxic compounds (satratoxin-h, methyl-diclofop, fumaronitrile and propiolonitrile) respectively in the bimodal forest (prevalence: 6.67) and western highlands (23.37%). No health risk was associated with the presence of these compounds and no significant difference was found either between the areas than between the different technological levels. These results prove that honey contamination is present in Cameroon and can be possibly higher than the results found in this study and should also be assessed by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to have a complete view of the situation.
Turaki Usman Aliyu, Lawan Adamu*, Ismaila Alhaji Mairiga, Falmata Kyari, Muhammad Modu Bukar, Ogo Isaac, Ndudim, Bitrus Yakubu, Shitu Ismail
Four hundred and twenty-six (426) donkeys were sampled using the convenience sampling technique in markets, loading areas, and
watering points to determine the prevalence, associated risk factors, morphological and molecular characterization of piroplasms
present in the blood of infected donkeys from Gombe and Yobe States, Nigeria. Fifty-three ticks and 426 blood samples were collected
from donkeys for the identification of piroplasms using microscopy and molecular techniques. The prevalence of piroplasms observed in
the blood samples of donkeys via microscopic examination was 12 (2.81 %; CI = 1.62%, 4.86%) for B. caballi and none for T. equi while
multiplex PCR (MPCR) showed a prevalence of114 (26.76%; CI = 22.78%, 31.16%). Out of which 33 (7.75 %; CI = 5.75, 10.68)
represent T. equi and 78 (18.31%; CI = 14.93%, 22.26%) represent B. Caballi and 3 (0.07%; CI = 0.24, 2.04) represents a mixed infection of
B. caballi and T. equi. The prevalence of piroplasms in the internal organ of ticks was 21 (77.8%; CI =59.25%, 89.39%) in the primary
screening of ticks by PCR out of the 27 DNA extracted from the 53 ticks sampled. Out of 53 ticks sampled Riphicephalus had a
prevalence of 52 (98.11%; CI = 90.05%, 99.67%) and Amblyomma varigatum had a prevalence of 1 (1.89%; CI = 0.33%, 9.95%) and are the
species of ticks found on the donkeys in the studied areas. Phylogenetic analysis was performed after the 18SrRNA gene from 20 positive
samples (10 each from blood and ticks) were sequenced. The sequencing analysis suggested a 99-100% similarity of T. equi with the other T.
equi in the gene bank and after blasting alignment and analysis of the genes, accession numbers from the gene bank were assigned. The
accession numbers were MH355571, MH355572, MH355573, MH355574 and MH355575. It was also found that the group D isolates of T.
equi were closely related to the T. equi reported in Nigerian waterbucks. This is the first report of equine piroplasms sequencing from
the studied areas to the best of our knowledge.
Badasa Jalata*
A shortage of proteinaceous feed supplements in Ethiopia is very common. To overcome this problem non-conventional type of feeds are
recommended and presented in this review article. It is shown the gaps, processes and ways the proteins source feeds can be valorized in
the semi-urban and rural community of the country
Moti Wakgari
Gumboro is commonly reported from different parts of Ethiopia. However, in local chicken flocks of Ilubabor, there is no known sero-status of the disease. To address this information gap, a cross-sectional study was conducted in local backyard chicken flocks of three districts of Ilubabor Zone where chick mortality and morbidity were a big problem. The objectives of the study were to estimate seroprevalence of IBDV by using Indirect Enzyme Linked-Immune Sorbent Assay and to assess its risk factors. A total of 480 chickens were sampled from randomly clustered 160 flocks and serum samples were processed at Bedelle Regional Veterinary Laboratory Center. Out of 480 serum samples tested, 207 were positive and the overall chicken level seroprevalence of the IBDV antibody in the study area was found to be 43.13% (95% CI: 38.69-47.56) and flock-level seroprevalence was 45.63%(73/160) (95% CI: 37.91-53.34) with almost all test positive flock chickens were seropositive. Multivariable analysis at chicken level showed that the odds of IBDV seroprevalence was significantly high in Metu and Bilo Nopa districts, in purchased chickens, in female chickens, in adult chickens and at flock level in chickens mixed with exotic breeds, in flocks having greater than 5 chickens. This study shows that IBDV is circulating in chicken population of Ilubabor at a high prevalence level. Therefore, further study on serotypes and strains of IBDV identification should be carried out to design suitable control and prevention measures
Oluwapelumi Victoria Boluwaji
Animal welfare is a complex concept with three areas of concern which include whether the animal is functioning well (eg good health, productivity etc), whether the animal is feeling well (eg absence of pain etc) and whether the animal is able to perform its natural/speciesspecific behaviour that are thought to be important to them (eg grazing). The World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) also gave these three states in its definition, in the veterinary training resource ‘Concepts in Animal Welfare’
Ahmed Dawod
This study aimed to investigate the effect of climatic factors, including temperature-humidity index (THI) and rainfall level (RFL) regarding the parity on the incidence of mastitis, milk yield, and composition in Holstein cattle in Egypt. A total of 2496 lactating cows were used from different 4 dairy farms located in Egypt. One hundred dairy cows were selected from each dairy herd for detection of the effect of different climatic factors and parity on milk composition and somatic cell count (SCC).The data grouped according to parity into 1, 2, and >2 parity groups. Also, the animals grouped according to THI into low (80) THI level and regrouped according to RFL into low (5 mm) rainfall per month. Obtained results revealed an increase in daily milk yield, milk protein %, fat %, and SCC with the increase of parity. Also, high THI significantly (p≤ 0.05) decreased daily milk yield (29.45 kg) and increased SCC (415 × 103 cell/mL). In high THI and low RFL climatic conditions, multiparous cows were prone to the occurrence of clinical mastitis compared to primiparous ones (p≤ 0.001); especially during mid and late lactation stages. In conclusion, high THI and low RFL impaired dairy performance and increased the frequency of clinical mastitis
Birhan Agmas
Client satisfaction in veterinary service is seen as a desired outcome of veterinary services to assess the quality of health care for livestock. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the perceived levels of customer satisfaction with veterinary service rendered inperi-urban areas, in North Western Ethiopia. In this study, a cross-sectional survey was undertaken from August to December 2018 with the purpose of assessing satisfaction of farmers/clients towards veterinary services in the study area. Multi-stage sampling technique was applied for selecting study districts and kebeles. Simple random sampling was used to select individual household veterinary services clients. A total of 422household service users were interviewed from three districts. The collected data was entered into Microsoft's Excel spreadsheet and analyzed by using the SPSS version 20.0. Statistical significance was taken at P–value ≤0.05 as cut of the point. The overall client satisfaction and dissatisfaction level with the veterinary health services in the study area was 24.88% and 75.12% respectively. Furthermore, satisfaction with the veterinary clinic service was found to have a significant association with service availability, service quality/ effectiveness, client needs met, vaccine availability, getting help, awareness campaign, consultancy service on animal husbandry practices and in-time availability of veterinary officers those. In conclusion, the survey analysis indicated that poor veterinary service clients’ satisfaction in northwestern Ethiopia and hence the veterinary service management should undertake this weak service and plan for a better service delivery.
Abdi Feyisa*
Tetanus is a fatal disease of horses and humans instigated by Clostridium tetani. The agent is known for producing potential toxins responsible for spastic paralysis. A cart-horse with a complaint of shivering, unable to take in feed and water, and hesitant to walk is described in this case report. The physical examination was indicated an increased in respiratory rates (32breaths/min). The third eyelid of the horse was prolapsed (right side) and had stiffened gait and locked jaws (unable to take water and feed and ropy saliva). A deep puncture due to nail was seen on the sole of the left forelimb. The findings were concluded as tetanus. The treatment protocols executed wound management, neutralizing circulating toxin, reducing further hyper-excitability, contractility, and bacterial propagation. The concurrent administration of Procaine penicillin G, Tetanus antitoxin (TAT), Acepromazine, and other supportive therapy was conveyed successful recovery within
two weeks. Hence, tetanus could be cured if treated early and following the proper protocol.
Edget Alembo
A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted in Arba Minch Zuria and Demba Gofa districts of Gamo and Gofa Zone of the Southern nation nationalities and people’s regional state with the objectives of assessing knowledge of hygienic practice of milk and cheese handlers in both study area. For this a total of 102 farmers who involved in milking, collecting and retailing of milk were included in the study area. Data obtained from questionnaire survey were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Chi –square test, using the Statistical package for social science (SPSS Version 17). The participants of this study were woman of different age group and 27(52.9%) of participants in Arba Minch Zuria and 32(64.7%) in Demba Gofa were >36 years old. The majority of participants 21(41.2%) and 22(43.1%) were educated up to grade 1-8 in Arba Minch Zuria and Demba Gofa, respectively. This had an impact on hygienic practice of milking and milk handling. The difference in hygienic handling, training obtained and cheese making practice among the study areas were statistically significant (p0.05) with significant difference in Prognosis, Level of skin infection and Selling practice among study participants in both study areas (p<0.05). Good manufacturing; handling practice as well as hygienic milking and cleaning practice should be improved in both study areas.
Veterinary Science & Technology received 4472 citations as per Google Scholar report
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