Brief Report - (2025) Volume 10, Issue 1
Received: 28-Jan-2025, Manuscript No. jibdd-25-165606;
Editor assigned: 30-Jan-2025, Pre QC No. P-165606;
Reviewed: 13-Feb-2025, QC No. Q-165606;
Revised: 20-Feb-2025, Manuscript No. R-165606;
Published:
27-Feb-2025
, DOI: 10.37421/2476-1958.2025.10.237
Citation: Khandia, Pankaj. "Targeting Immune Dysregulation: Advances in Biologic and Small Molecule Therapies." J Inflamm Bowel Dis 10 (2025): 237.
Copyright: © 2025 Khandia P. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Biologic therapies, typically engineered monoclonal antibodies or fusion proteins, are designed to specifically target key cytokines, receptors, or immune cells implicated in pathological immune responses. For example, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors such as infliximab and adalimumab have shown remarkable efficacy in diseases like Crohnâ??s disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Similarly, interleukin inhibitors targeting IL-6, IL-17, IL-23, and others have expanded the therapeutic arsenal across various immune-mediated diseases [2]. Biologics like rituximab, which depletes CD20+ B cells, have proven beneficial in conditions involving autoantibody production, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and vasculitis. These therapies are increasingly tailored based on disease phenotype, biomarkers, and patient-specific immune profiles, reflecting a growing commitment to precision medicine. Parallel to the advancement of biologics, small molecule therapies have emerged as powerful tools capable of modulating intracellular signaling pathways critical to immune activation and regulation. Unlike biologics, which are large proteins administered parenterally, small molecules are often orally available and can penetrate intracellular targets. Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors, such as tofacitinib and upadacitinib, exemplify this class and have demonstrated efficacy across multiple autoimmune diseases by interfering with the JAK-STAT Signaling pathway, a central axis in cytokine receptor signaling. Other promising small molecules include sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulators and Brutonâ??s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitors, each offering novel mechanisms to dampen inappropriate immune activation without the need for broad immunosuppression [3].
While both biologics and small molecule therapies have significantly advanced the treatment landscape, challenges remain. Immunogenicity, variable patient responses, high costs, and long-term safety concerns continue to limit their use in some settings. Moreover, the complexity of immune dysregulation-often involving multiple pathways and feedback loops-necessitates ongoing research into combination therapies and biomarkers for better patient stratification. Personalized immunotherapy, integrating genetic, proteomic, and microbiome data, is likely to define the next frontier in this rapidly evolving field [4,5].
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