Opinion - (2025) Volume 14, Issue 4
Received: 01-Jul-2025, Manuscript No. VTE-26-180096;
Editor assigned: 03-Jul-2025, Pre QC No. P-180096;
Reviewed: 17-Jul-2025, QC No. Q-180096;
Revised: 22-Jul-2025, Manuscript No. R-180096;
Published:
29-Jul-2025
, DOI: 10.37421/2376-1318.2025.14.380
Citation: Al-Khalid, Noura. ”Iodine’s Role: Thyroid, Growth, and Brain Health.” Vitam Miner 14 (2025):380.
Copyright: © 2025 Al-Khalid N. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Iodine stands as an indispensable trace element, playing a critical role in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which are fundamental regulators of metabolism, growth, and neurological development. A deficiency in iodine intake can precipitate a range of thyroid dysfunctions, most notably goiter and hypothyroidism, impacting individuals across all age groups. Crucially, during the prenatal and early childhood stages, insufficient iodine levels can lead to irreversible cognitive impairment, underscoring its profound importance for brain development. To combat these widespread issues, supplementation strategies and the implementation of iodized salt programs have proven to be highly effective in preventing iodine deficiency on a global scale. [1] This review meticulously examines the complex molecular mechanisms through which iodine influences the production and functional integrity of thyroid hormones. It places significant emphasis on the pivotal roles of the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in the essential processes of iodine uptake and its subsequent organification within the thyroid gland. Furthermore, the article thoroughly discusses how varying iodine statuses directly affect circulating thyroid hormone levels and TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) concentrations, thereby highlighting the delicate and precise balance that is indispensable for maintaining optimal thyroid health. [2] The developmental trajectory of the brain exhibits a profound sensitivity to thyroid hormones, rendering iodine exceptionally crucial throughout the prenatal and postnatal periods of life. This particular study undertakes an investigation into the long-term neurological repercussions of iodine deficiency, employing animal models to discern the extent of these effects. The findings reveal significant deficits in critical cognitive functions, specifically in learning and memory capacities, thereby reinforcing the imperative need for adequate iodine intake to support proper neurodevelopment and overall cognitive function. [3] The global landscape of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) and their multifaceted impact is thoroughly examined in this research. It not only highlights the considerable successes achieved by universal salt iodization programs in mitigating the prevalence of IDDs across numerous regions but also candidly addresses the persistent challenges that continue to affect certain vulnerable populations. The article subsequently delves into a discussion of various strategies designed to fortify these essential public health programs and improve the monitoring of iodine status, aiming to ensure sustained progress in the fight against IDDs. [4] Beyond the more commonly discussed issue of deficiency, this article undertakes an investigation into the effects of iodine excess on thyroid function, acknowledging that while deficiency is more prevalent, excessive iodine intake can indeed prove to be detrimental. It meticulously details how overconsumption can precipitate hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, including the well-documented Jod-Basedow phenomenon, and even contribute to the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases. The review offers valuable insights into the dose-dependent nature of iodine's influence on thyroid physiology. [5] This particular study explores in depth the critical role that iodine plays in safeguarding maternal health and ensuring proper fetal development throughout gestation. It clearly illustrates how the iodine status of the mother has a direct and significant impact on the thyroid hormone levels of the fetus, which are absolutely essential for the healthy development of the fetal brain. The research strongly emphasizes the paramount importance of ensuring that pregnant women maintain an adequate iodine intake to effectively prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes and potential developmental issues in their offspring. [6] The article meticulously examines the current iodine nutritional status across a diverse range of populations, employing urinary iodine concentration (UIC) as a primary and highly reliable biomarker. It presents comprehensive data derived from recent epidemiological surveys and engages in a thorough discussion regarding the implications of these findings for the formulation and refinement of public health policies. The research effectively identifies specific geographical regions where iodine deficiency or, conversely, iodine excess continues to pose a significant public health concern, thereby calling for the implementation of targeted and effective interventions. [7] This paper extends the understanding of iodine's influence by reviewing its impact on the immune system, moving beyond its well-established role in thyroid hormone production. It explores the intricate ways in which iodine modulates both innate and adaptive immunity and examines its potential implications for the susceptibility to infectious diseases and the pathogenesis of autoimmune conditions. The article thoughtfully suggests that the immunomodulatory effects of iodine represent a promising area that warrants substantial further investigation. [8] The article thoughtfully examines the inherent challenges associated with maintaining an adequate iodine intake within specific population groups, such as vegetarians, vegans, and individuals who adhere to particular dietary restrictions. It subsequently provides a set of practical, actionable recommendations designed to ensure sufficient iodine consumption through judicious food choices and, when deemed necessary, appropriate supplementation, while concurrently offering guidance on how to avoid excessive intake. [9] This review thoughtfully focuses on the historical trajectory and the evolutionary path of public health strategies specifically designed for the prevention of iodine deficiency. It meticulously traces the development and widespread implementation of salt iodization programs, discusses significant innovations in the fields of monitoring and surveillance systems, and highlights the invaluable lessons learned from decades of practical experience and ongoing implementation. The article strongly emphasizes the enduring importance of maintaining constant vigilance to ensure the sustained control of iodine deficiency disorders. [10]
Iodine is an absolutely essential trace element with fundamental importance in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which are critical regulators of metabolism, growth, and neurological development throughout life. Insufficient iodine intake poses a significant public health risk, leading to thyroid dysfunction, with goiter and hypothyroidism being prominent manifestations. Particularly vulnerable are pregnant women and young children, where iodine deficiency can result in irreversible cognitive impairment, highlighting its profound impact on brain development. Global efforts, including supplementation initiatives and widespread iodized salt programs, have been instrumental in curbing the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders worldwide. [1] This review provides an in-depth exploration of the intricate molecular mechanisms governing iodine's influence on thyroid hormone production and overall thyroid function. It specifically highlights the critical roles played by the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in the processes of iodine uptake into thyroid cells and its subsequent organification, a key step in hormone synthesis. The article also thoroughly examines how an individual's iodine status directly impacts the levels of circulating thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), underscoring the delicate homeostatic balance required for optimal thyroid health. [2] The developmental trajectory of the brain is remarkably sensitive to the levels of thyroid hormones, making iodine a critical nutrient during both prenatal and postnatal periods. This study investigates the long-term neurological consequences stemming from iodine deficiency, utilizing animal models to elucidate the extent of the impact. The research reveals significant deficits in learning and memory functions, strongly emphasizing the vital necessity of adequate iodine intake for supporting proper neurodevelopment and ensuring optimal cognitive function. [3] This research critically examines the global prevalence and the far-reaching impact of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). It acknowledges the significant public health successes attributed to universal salt iodization programs in many regions for reducing IDDs, while simultaneously pointing out the persistent challenges that continue to affect certain populations. The article then discusses a range of strategies aimed at strengthening these vital programs and improving the monitoring of iodine status to ensure continued progress in global iodine nutrition. [4] The article investigates the multifaceted effects of iodine excess on thyroid function, acknowledging that while iodine deficiency is more commonly encountered, excessive iodine intake can also lead to adverse health outcomes. It details how overconsumption can result in hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, specifically the Jod-Basedow phenomenon, and potentially contribute to the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases. The review offers crucial insights into the dose-dependent nature of iodine's influence on thyroid health. [5] This study delves into the crucial role of iodine in maintaining maternal health and facilitating proper fetal development. It clearly elucidates how the iodine status of the mother directly influences fetal thyroid hormone levels, which are indispensable for the intricate development of the fetal brain. The research underscores the paramount importance of ensuring adequate iodine intake for pregnant women to effectively prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes and significant developmental issues in their offspring. [6] The article presents an examination of the current iodine nutritional status across various global populations, employing urinary iodine concentration (UIC) as a key biomarker for assessment. It provides recent data from epidemiological surveys and discusses the public health implications of these findings for policy development. The research identifies specific regions where iodine deficiency or excess remains a concern, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to address these issues. [7] This paper reviews the impact of iodine on the immune system, extending beyond its well-known function in thyroid hormone synthesis. It explores the mechanisms by which iodine influences both innate and adaptive immunity and discusses its potential implications for susceptibility to infectious diseases and the development of autoimmune conditions. The article suggests that iodine's immunomodulatory properties represent an emerging and important area for further scientific investigation. [8] The article examines the specific challenges related to maintaining adequate iodine intake in certain population groups, including vegetarians, vegans, and individuals with restrictive diets. It offers practical recommendations for ensuring sufficient iodine consumption through dietary choices and, when necessary, supplementation, while also providing guidance on how to avoid excessive intake. [9] This review provides a comprehensive look at the historical context and the evolution of public health interventions aimed at preventing iodine deficiency. It traces the development of salt iodization programs, discusses advancements in monitoring and surveillance techniques, and highlights lessons learned from decades of implementation. The article emphasizes the critical need for ongoing vigilance to sustain the control of iodine deficiency disorders globally. [10]
Iodine is vital for thyroid hormone synthesis, impacting metabolism, growth, and brain development. Deficiency can cause goiter, hypothyroidism, and irreversible cognitive impairment, especially in early life. Molecular mechanisms involving NIS and TPO are crucial for iodine uptake and hormone production. Animal studies confirm iodine deficiency's negative impact on neurodevelopment. Global salt iodization programs have successfully reduced iodine deficiency disorders, though challenges remain in some areas. Excess iodine can also be harmful, leading to thyroid dysfunction. Maternal iodine status is critical for fetal brain development. Urinary iodine concentration is a key biomarker for assessing iodine status globally. Iodine also influences the immune system. Specific populations like vegetarians may require careful attention to iodine intake. Historical efforts have led to effective public health strategies for iodine deficiency prevention, requiring ongoing vigilance.
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