Opinion - (2025) Volume 12, Issue 1
Received: 02-Jan-2025, Manuscript No. bset-25-168434;
Editor assigned: 04-Jan-2025, Pre QC No. P-168434;
Reviewed: 18-Jan-2025, QC No. Q-168434;
Revised: 23-Jan-2025, Manuscript No. R-168434;
Published:
30-Jan-2025
, DOI: 10.37421/2952-8526.2025.12.239
Citation: Yusuf, Amina. "Development of Smart Implantable Devices for Continuous Glucose Monitoring." J Biomed Syst Emerg Technol 12 (2025): 239.
Copyright: © 2025 Yusuf A. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
The foundation of a smart implantable CGM system lies in its biosensing component, which continuously detects glucose concentrations in interstitial fluid. Most sensors are enzymatic, typically utilizing glucose oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The generated hydrogen peroxide is then electrochemically detected, and the resulting current correlates with glucose concentration. Non-enzymatic sensors are also being explored, which use nanomaterials like graphene, carbon nanotubes, or metal-organic frameworks to detect glucose through direct electron transfer or affinity binding. These sensors are miniaturized and encapsulated in biocompatible materials such as parylene, silicone, or hydrogel coatings to ensure long-term stability and minimal immune response after implantation. Implant sites are usually subcutaneous tissues where glucose concentration correlates closely with blood glucose, though some advanced models aim for intravascular or intraperitoneal placements for faster response times.
Signal processing and data transmission are critical components that enable the functionality of smart CGM implants. The signal from the sensor must be amplified, filtered, and converted into digital format using ultra-low-power electronics. These electronics are integrated into the implant in a System-On-Chip (SoC) configuration to minimize size and energy consumption. Power supply remains a key challenge, addressed through miniature batteries, wireless power transfer, or energy harvesting from body motion or temperature gradients. Communication is typically facilitated through Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) or Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) protocols, enabling secure transmission of data to external devices such as smartphones, insulin pumps, or cloud servers. Advanced models include onboard memory, fail-safe mechanisms, and temperature/humidity sensors to ensure data integrity and environmental adaptability [2].
The clinical impact of smart implantable CGM systems is profound. These devices provide real-time glucose readings every few minutes, detect trends, and alert users to hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia events. Their continuous nature supports better decision-making for insulin dosing, diet, exercise, and medication adjustments. In type 1 diabetes, integration with automated insulin delivery systemsâ??commonly referred to as artificial pancreas systemsâ??enables closed-loop glucose control, significantly reducing HbA1c levels and improving quality of life. For type 2 diabetes patients, CGMs support behavioral interventions, reduce therapeutic inertia, and facilitate earlier treatment intensification. Moreover, implantable systems eliminate the need for frequent skin punctures and sensor replacements, improving adherence and reducing user burden. Devices like the Eversense CGM system, which offers a 180-day implantable sensor, have already gained FDA approval, highlighting the feasibility and regulatory acceptance of this technology.
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