Molecular Biology: Open Access

The present work was conducted to detect possible genetic variants of kappa casein (CSN3) gene in Western Baggara cattle in Sudan. This gene is associated with higher fat, protein, and has a significant influence on milk processing properties in comparison to other casein variants. 70 blood samples were collected from Western Baggara cattle in three areas (Hai Elgabal, Bulbul and Umdamm). Genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood using guanidine chloroform method. A 495 bp fragment containing exon V of kappa casein gene was amplified by PCR using specific set of primers. The amplified PCR product was digested by Hinf1; the bands were visualized under UV-light to observe the polymorphic locus by the size change of DNA fragments. The results revealed that the restriction analysis produced two fragments of 424 and 71 bp indicating the presence of kappa casein BB genotype (monomorphic) in all population. The present study is the first report on kappa casein genotype of Baggara cattle in South Darfur State, Sudan, which elucidated uniform and homozygous population for kappa casein B allele.

Aims and objective: The objective of this communication is to bring the metabolomics by magnetic resonance (high resolution spectroscopy) to the clinical radiologist and compare the spectroscopy In vivo (NMR spectroscopy used in clinical) with the high resolution spectroscopy Ex vivo (magic angle spectroscopy, HR –MORE). S and analyzing differences, advantages and limitations of each technique in different tissues.
Review of the topic: In vivo spectroscopy that is usually performed in the clinic is a non-invasive technique that can provide important information for the diagnosis and monitoring of different lesions. The most well-known applications of In vivo spectroscopy today are those carried out by localized 1H spectroscopy, monovoxel or multivoxel (spectroscopic image), brain, prostate or breast. There are other modalities, such as the 31 P or 13ºC spectroscopy, but they are much less frequent and are only carried out in a few specialized centres. Without any doubt, the most widespread clinical use is confined to the central nervous system.
Conclusion: The in vivo spectroscopy provides important metabolic information for the diagnosis of different pathologies, non-invasively, however, this technique has certain limitations, such as low spectral resolution, that is, the number of metabolites that can be identified/quantified; which results in low diagnostic specificity.

Ex vivo spectroscopy, however, has a spectral resolution and sensitivity far superior to In vivo techniques, which allows detecting a large number of metabolites, and therefore greatly improves its diagnostic capacity. However, we must not forget that it is an invasive technique, since it is based on the analysis of pieces of tissue (biopsies, surgical pieces...) and therefore loses its usefulness in those lesions that are impossible to biopsy. In conclusion, each technique has its added value and its limitations and it is the correct use of them and the combination of them with other diagnostic parameters, where their clinical potential resides.

Milk play a major role in human sources of nutrition and remain as the most important prominent in the Sudanese diet. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are humans and animals opportunistic pathogens, responsible for a wide range of infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the commercial available milk and to detect ESBL producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae from raw milk samples of cow in Al Jazirah state, Sudan. Seventy fresh row cow milk samples were collected and examined using standard microbiological methods, ESBL detection was performed on all the isolates by Ceftazidime screening test, those shows positive results by screening method were subjected to ESBL confirmatory test using Double-Disk Synergy Test and Molecular base detection using conventional PCR. Out of the 70 collected samples, 58 (82.8%) showed positive isolating result, the highest prevalence of the isolates was K. pneumoniae 36 (62%) followed by E. coli 22 (38%). The most resistance antibiotics against isolates was Ampicillin (98%), ESBL production was detected among 17 out of the 22 isolated E. coli (29.3%) and 26 (44.8%) out of the 36 isolated K. pneumoniae. The ESBL gene encoding the ESBL isolates was CTX-M gene representing 61% fellows by SHV gene (23%) and TEM gene (16%). ESBL-producing bacteria may also be transferred via waste milk to calves, thus further spreading antibiotic resistance in the farm environment.

Pea is one of the most important legume crops whose production is constantly threatened by field and storage pests and diseases. Developing insect resistant transgenic pea plants through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is a promising solution to maintain crop yield. However, the transformation efficiency is still low. Therefore, there was an attempt to enhance transformation efficiency by optimizing infection time, co-cultivation period and in vitro regeneration system. Transformation was performed using segments of embryonic axes from mature pea seeds (Pisum sativum L. cv. Sponsor). The segments were inoculated with the hyper virulent EHA105 strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The Agrobacterium strain harboured a binary vector pGII35S containing the bar gene which confers resistance to phosphinotricin. The selection medium contained P2 medium with increasing concentrations of phosphinothricin. To improve the regeneration efficiency, 4.5 μM zeatin was added to the selection medium. The highest transformation efficiency (7.89%) was achieved with infection time of 90 min and co-cultivation period of 2 days. The shoots elongated well and the number of shoots/explants was increased (6 folds) after addition of zeatin. Resistant shoots were grafted onto rootstocks in soil and grafting success rate was 100%. The integration of cry1Ac gene in T0 transgenic plants was confirmed primarily by Polymerase Chain Reaction and further analysed by Southern blotting.

Discussion concerning Calorie Restriction (CR) and low carbohydrate diet (LCD) has continued for years. Authors have developed research of LCD using super LCD with 12% of carbohydrate. The biology of human aging includes study between human and mammalian such as mice, rhesus monkeys. Moderate CR reduced age-related mortality, incidence of diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease. By very low calorie diet (VLCD), body weight can be reduced, but the diabetic pathological state remains. Besides CR and LCD, Zone, Ornish, LEARN Diets and Mediterranean style can be applicable. There are very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (VLCKD), Moderate-LCD, High- Carbohydrate Diet, as related with the definition of LCD. Morbus (M) value was investigated for clinical practice of LCD, in which M value was remarkably improved by LCD treatment.

Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonosis with a high degree of morbidity in humans. It was formerly known as Mediterranean fever, Malta fever or undulant fever. The aim of this study to determine the prevalence of brucellosis among febrile negative malaria patients consume raw milk in West Darfur State, Sudan. In this cross sectional study, one hundred and half blood samples were collected from febrile patients and examined by Rose Bengal (RBPT), ELISA, SAT and PCR methods. The results showed 55 samples were positive by RBPT method, 67 samples were positive by SAT, 72 samples were positive by ELISA and 110 sample positive by nested PCR. Deficiency of awareness of brucellosis with prevailing routine habit of consumption raw milk and close contact with infected animals can function as mean of infection to human beings, molecular methods and could be a useful tool for the detection of Brucella spp.

Estrogen and fluid shear stress (FSS) play an important role in bone metabolism, displaying a synergistic effect. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are also of great importance in bone development before and after birth. FGFs regulate downstream signaling pathway by activating FGF receptors (FGFRs) to control the expression of bone tissue cells. This paper conducts a brief discussion of the effect of FGF/FGFR as well as fluid shear stress and estrogen in bone metabolism regulation.