An Overview of Phytocannabinoids: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, Production and Environmental Factors

Lekoubou Fredrik^*
*Correspondence: Lekoubou Fredrik, Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia, Email:

Introduction

Phytocannabinoids, naturally occurring compounds found predominantly in the Cannabis sativa plant, have garnered significant scientific and medical attention due to their complex biological effects and broad therapeutic potential. As the landscape of global cannabis policy shifts towards decriminalization and legalization, research on these bioactive molecules has surged, uncovering their interactions with the human endocannabinoid system and their role in modulating a wide range of physiological processes. While Î?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) remain the most studied phytocannabinoids, over a hundred others such as Cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN), and Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) are being investigated for their diverse pharmacological properties. The therapeutic promise of these compounds spans across neurological disorders, chronic pain, inflammation, anxiety, and even cancer, reflecting their multifaceted action on both central and peripheral receptors [1].

Description

Phytocannabinoids are terpenophenolic compounds synthesized primarily in the glandular trichomes of female cannabis flowers, where they serve as part of the plantâ??s defense mechanism against herbivores, UV radiation, and pathogens. Their biosynthesis involves the conversion of precursor molecules such as greyly pyrophosphate and olivetolic acid into Cannabigerolic Acid (CBGA), which then serves as the parent compound for the synthesis of major cannabinoids like THCA, CBDA, and CBCA through the action of specific synthase enzymes. Upon decarboxylation, typically through heat or light exposure, these acidic precursors transform into their active neutral forms THC, CBD, and CBC each exhibiting distinct biological properties. Once consumed or introduced into the body, phytocannabinoids interact with the Endocannabinoid System (ECS), a complex cell-signaling network comprising CB1 and CB2 receptors, endogenous cannabinoids, and associated enzymes. CB1 receptors, primarily found in the brain and nervous system, mediate psychoactive effects, whereas CB2 receptors, more abundant in immune tissues, are linked to anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory responses. THC acts as a partial agonist at CB1 receptors, leading to its well-known psychoactive properties, while CBD exhibits a more complex mechanism, indirectly modulating ECS activity and influencing non-cannabinoid receptors such as TRPV1 and serotonin 5-HT1A [2]. These interactions underlie the therapeutic applications of phytocannabinoids, which include pain relief, reduction of nausea and vomiting, appetite stimulation, anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, seizure suppression, and neuroprotection. Clinical studies and anecdotal evidence have driven the approval of Cannabis-Based Medications Like Epidiolex (CBD) for epilepsy and Sativex (THC/CBD) for multiple sclerosis spasticity Beyond their pharmacological actions, the production of phytocannabinoids is influenced by various cultivation and extraction methods, as well as by environmental conditions. Cultivation practices such as light spectrum manipulation, nutrient optimization, soil health, and genetic selection of cannabis strains play a critical role in cannabinoid yield and profile. Environmental stressors both biotic (e.g., pests, microbes) and abiotic (e.g., drought, UV light, temperature extremes) can alter secondary metabolite synthesis, including cannabinoid and terpene concentrations. Post-harvest processes such as drying, curing, and extraction (using methods like COâ?? supercritical extraction or ethanol extraction) further influence the purity and potency of phytocannabinoid products [3]. While promising, this growing industry also raises challenges related to standardization, quality control, regulatory frameworks, and environmental sustainability. As such, the integration of agronomic science, pharmacology, biotechnology, and policy is necessary to ensure the responsible development and use of phytocannabinoids in therapeutic contexts phytocannabinoids, it is critical to explore their biosynthesis within the cannabis plant, the underlying mechanisms through which they exert their effects, and the environmental and technological factors that influence their production. Moreover, biotechnological approaches such as synthetic biology and microbial engineering are now being explored to produce cannabinoids in yeast or bacteria, offering sustainable and scalable alternatives to traditional cultivation This paper presents a comprehensive overview of phytocannabinoids, delving into their chemical diversity, mode of action, therapeutic applications, methods of cultivation and extraction, and the environmental parameters that affect their yield and quality. With growing global interest in cannabis for both medicinal and commercial purposes, a scientific foundation in phytocannabinoid research is essential for responsible innovation and evidence-based utilization At the same time, ethical considerations, patient safety, and regulatory oversight must guide the path forward, ensuring that innovation does not outpace responsible application. As global interest in medical cannabis grows, stand at the frontier of a botanical revolution [4,5].

Conclusion

Phytocannabinoids represent a fascinating and highly promising domain of plant-based medicine, combining the complexity of natural product chemistry with the potential for profound therapeutic impact. As science continues to unravel the intricate mechanisms through which these compounds interact with the human endocannabinoid system, new pathways are opening for the treatment of chronic diseases, mental health disorders, and neurological conditions. The pharmacological diversity of phytocannabinoids ranging from psychoactive to non-psychoactive compounds offers unique opportunities for both personalized medicine and the development of targeted therapies. However, to fully realize this potential, it is essential to deepen our understanding of their biosynthesis, refine cultivation and extraction techniques, and account for the environmental and genetic factors that influence cannabinoid expression. The intersection of environmental science, biotechnology, and clinical research will be key in shaping the future of phytocannabinoid-based therapies. In conclusion, phytocannabinoids are not merely chemical compounds of interest but are emblematic of a broader shift toward natural, integrative therapeutic paradigms in the 21st century.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.

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