A Report on Biomedical Fuel Systems

Zhang Tang^*
*Correspondence: Zhang Tang, Department of Science & Health Systems, School of Biomedical Engineering, USA, Email:

Brief Report

Algae fuel, protoctist biofuel, or protoctist oil is another to liquid fossil fuels that uses protoctist as its supply of energy-rich oils. Also, protoctist fuels art another to unremarkably legendary biofuel sources, like corn and sugarcane. Once made of algae (macro algae) it is often called algae fuel or algae oil. Several corporations and government agencies art funding efforts to cut back capital and in operation prices and create protoctist fuel production commercially viable. Like fuel, protoctist fuel releases greenhouse emission once burnt, however in contrast to fuel, protoctist fuel and alternative biofuels solely unharness greenhouse emission recently far away from the atmosphere via chemical process because the protoctist or plant grew. The energy crisis and therefore the world food crisis have lit interest in alga culture (farming algae) for creating biodiesel and alternative biofuels victimisation land unsuitable for agriculture. Among protoctist fuels' enticing characteristics art that they will be fully grown with smallest impact on H2 O resources, are often created victimisation saline and sewer water, have a high flash purpose, and art perishable and comparatively harmless to the surroundings if spilled. protoctist value additional per unit mass than alternative second-generation biofuel crops thanks to high capital and in operation prices, however art claimed to yield between ten and a hundred times additional fuel per unit space.

The US Department of Energy estimates that if protoctist fuel replaced all the crude oil fuel within the US, it'd need fifteen,000 sq. miles (39,000 km2 ), that is just zero. 42% of the US map, or concerning half the acreage of Maine. This can be but space of corn harvested within the US in 2000. The head of the protoctist Biomass Organization expressed in 2010 that protoctist fuel may reach value parity with oil in 2018 if granted production tax credits. However, in 2013, Exxon Mobil Chairman and chief executive officer Rex Tillerson aforementioned that once committing to pay up to $600 million over ten years on development in an exceedingly venture with J. Craig Venter's artificial genetics in 2009, Exxon force back once four years (and $100 million) once it complete that protoctist fuel is "probably further" than twenty five years faraway from business viability. In 2017, artificial genetics and ExxonMobil reportable a breakthrough within the joint analysis into advanced biofuels [1-5].

The breakthrough was that they managed to double super molecule content (from two hundredth in its natural kind to 40-55 percent) in an exceedingly genetically built strain of Nannochloropsis Guadiana. On the opposite hand, Solazyme, Sapphire Energy, and Algernon, among others have begun business sale of protoctist biofuel in 2012 and 2013, and 2015, severally. By 2017, most efforts had been abandoned or modified to alternative applications, with solely some remaining. Protoctist are often reborn into varied forms of fuels, betting on the technique and therefore a part of the cells used. The lipid, or oily a part of the protoctist biomass are often extracted and reborn into biodiesel through a method kind of like that used for the other oil, or reborn in an exceedingly plant into "drop-in" replacements for petroleum-based fuels. Instead or following super molecule extraction, the macromolecule content of protoctist are often hard into bioethanol or butyl alcohol fuel.

References

1. Youssef, Hanan, Mansour M.A.M, Saeed Al-Zahrani, and Ibrahim Ayasrehal. “Prioritizing palliative care: Assess undergraduate nursing curriculum, knowledge, and attitude among nurses caring end-of-life patients.”2 (2015): 90-101.

Google Scholar, Crossref

2. Glasdam, Stinne, Frida Ekstrand, Maria Rosberg, and Ann-Margrethe van der Schaaf. “A gap between the philosophy and the practice of palliative healthcare: sociological perspectives on the practice of nurses in specialised palliative homecare.” Med Health Care Philos 23 (2020): 141-152.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

3. Kassa, Hiwot, Rajalakshmi Murugan, Fissiha Zewdu, and Mignote Hailu, et al. “Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice and associated factors toward palliative care among nurses working in selected hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.” 13 (2014): 6.

Google Scholar, Crossref

4. Sorifa, Begum, and Khanam Mosphea. “Knowledge and practice of staff nurses on palliative care.” 1 (2015): 41-5.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

5. Zeru, Teklay, Hagos Berihu, Hadgu Gerensea, and Girmay Teklay, et al. “Assessment of knowledge and attitude towards palliative care and associated factors among nurses working in selected Tigray hospitals, northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.” 35 (2020): (121).

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at