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Journal of Tissue Science and Engineering

Journal of Tissue Science and Engineering

ISSN: 2157-7552

Open Access
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Tissue Industries

The high rate of failure during drug development is well-known, however recent advances in tissue engineering and microfabrication have contributed to the development of microphysiological systems (MPS), or ‘organs-on-chips’ that recapitulate the function of human organs. These ‘tissue chips’ could be utilized for drug screening and safety testing to potentially transform the early stages of the drug development process. They can also be used to model disease states, providing new tools for the understanding of disease mechanisms and pathologies, and assessing effectiveness of new therapies. In the future, they could be used to test new treatments and therapeutics in populations - via clinical trials-on-chips - and individuals, paving the way for precision medicine. Here we will discuss the wide-ranging and promising future of tissue chips, as well as challenges facing their development.Tissue chips, or microphysiological systems (MPS), are devices designed to position cells in a three-dimensional structure that mimic the function of organs of the body, and react in a physiological manner to exposure to drugs, hormones, cell signaling molecules and biomechanical stressors. Platforms vary in design, with some systems allowing cells to self-organize into organoid-type structures, and others providing scaffolding for cells to proliferate and grow in a structurally-defined way. Some have highly prescriptive designs, where specific cell types are placed in well-defined positions or compartments to recapitulate functional units of organs, such as the kidney proximal tubule or liver sinusoid. The wide range of designs means a wide range of platform sizes too, ranging from cell compartments of a few hundred micrometers resting on microscope slide-sized platforms, to multi-organ systems with a footprint of a few centimeters. What all systems have in common is the recapitulation of miniaturized functional units of human organ systems, many thousands or millions of times smaller than the actual organ, and the employment of microfluidic technology to allow for fluid flow through the system to deliver nutrients and remove cellular waste, either by pump or gravity. Also common to all MPS platforms is the three-dimensional (3D) cellular arrangement of multiple cell types, which allows functional tissue-tissue interfaces and complex cellular communication to be recapitulated in vitro. These last two design features – fluid flow and 3D spatial cellular arrangements – subject tissues to shear and stretch forces that mimic in vivo conditions and are difficult to model in two dimensions. Additionally, chips are often designed from clear plastics or materials that enable cells to be visualised through the device via microscopy, allowing for real-time imaging and monitoring of cell function and health over a longer period of time.

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Citations: 807

Journal of Tissue Science and Engineering received 807 citations as per Google Scholar report

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