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Neurological Disorders

Neurological Disorders

ISSN: 2329-6895

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Parkinson's Disease Open Access Articles

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease traditionally characterized by motor signs1; however, cognitive dysfunction has been shown in patients even in the absence of Parkinson's dementia (PDD), including alterations in executive function, processing speed, and spatial working memory. In addition, PD is associated with an increased risk of progressive cognitive decline from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia. Estimates of prevalence vary, but MCI affects nearly a quarter of patients with PD, and dementia ultimately affects more than 80% of patients with 20-year survival.

PD is 1.5 times more common in men than in women11. There is evidence that the onset of symptomatic PD is delayed in women, 12,13 with women reporting fewer symptoms in the preclinical phase of PD. Females often develop a dominant phenotype (DT) of more mild PD tremor12 (67% versus 48% in males) associated with less severe motor deterioration and localized degeneration of the basal ganglia as opposed to a more common disease. In contrast, studies have shown that men more often exhibit a dominant phenotype of postural instability, including gait disturbances (PIGD), gait freeze (56% of men) and a fall (59% of men). Interestingly, the TD phenotype has been associated with less cognitive dysfunction, while PIGD has been associated with greater deficits in executive function.

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