The most common medications used in the implantable delivery systems are opioids in general and morphine and hydromorphone in particular. Local anaesthetics are used, usually in combination with an opioid for the treatment of malignant pain. Baclofen is used for the treatment of spasticity and painful muscle contractions. Clonidine is used for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Recent studies have explored the potential for the use of ketamine, neostigmine, and some calcium channel blockers. The limits of compounding continue to be defined through the court system. As an example, a likely candidate could be the particularly vulnerable inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord dorsal horn, which are thought to restrict ongoing pain under normal circumstances. The treatment of pain has evolved tremendously since the primary medulla spinalis stimulator implantation in 1967. The supporting research behind each technology demonstrates a big benefit, but when looking closely, there are subsets of patients in each study who don't obtain relief or experience decreasing relief over time. Despite this, it is also clear that different stimulation modalities may provide a benefit where others have failed.
Research Article: Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain Research
Research Article: Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain Research
Case Report: Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain Research
Case Report: Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain Research
Letter to Editor: Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain Research
Letter to Editor: Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain Research
Case Report: Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain Research
Case Report: Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain Research
Editorial: Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain Research
Editorial: Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain Research
Keynote: Journal of Clinical Case Reports
Keynote: Journal of Clinical Case Reports
Posters & Accepted Abstracts: Journal of Clinical Case Reports
Posters & Accepted Abstracts: Journal of Clinical Case Reports
Scientific Tracks Abstracts: Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research
Scientific Tracks Abstracts: Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research
Scientific Tracks Abstracts: Journal of Advanced Practices in Nursing
Scientific Tracks Abstracts: Journal of Advanced Practices in Nursing
Scientific Tracks Abstracts: Journal of Advanced Practices in Nursing
Scientific Tracks Abstracts: Journal of Advanced Practices in Nursing
Scientific Tracks Abstracts: Journal of Advanced Practices in Nursing
Scientific Tracks Abstracts: Journal of Advanced Practices in Nursing
Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain Research received 835 citations as per Google Scholar report