Azeem Ayaz Mirani*, Engr. Muhammad Suleman Memon, Rozina Chohan, Irum Naz Sodhar and Mushtaque Ahmed Rahu
Internet of things (IoT) also called internet of everything (IoE) are network of physical object having connectivity with the internet. IoT is broad field with several new and advanced trends which made more suitable to implement and connect over the remote areas. IoT became more suitable platform in several applications with the emergence of the other field. IoT provide fast solution of the several real life problems with integration of the new trends and techniques. The field of automation is need of this era with other smart and advanced features bought up with new way of the handling the problems. IoT is the concept which can be applied globally over the networks of the things for solving the problem of the manual control especially in remote applications. This study reviews important aspects of water irrigation in IoT. However, it covers the challenges, applications and water pollution.
Demeke Tamene* and Ashebir Haile
This study was aimed to compare estimation methods of crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling for major crops using different models and compare the significance of models for adoption at different situations in Metekel zone. Crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling of maize in selected districts of Metekel zone were estimated using CropWat model based on soil, crop and meteorological data and AquaCrop based on soil, crop and meteorological data including Co2, groundwater, field management, and fertility status. Model performance was evaluated using Normalized Root mean square errors (NRMSE), model by Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), Prediction error (Pe), and Model efficiency (MF). It is observed that the maximum reference evapotranspiration in the study area was found to be 7.1 mm/day in Guba and minimum reference evapotranspiration was 2.9 mm/day in Bullen district. In all cases, the maximum ETo in all districts was fund to in March and the lowest in August. The maximum ETc of maize was found to be 702.4 mm in Guba district and minimum ETc was found to be 572.6 mm in Bullen district using CropWat but the effective rainfall (Pe) for maize were determined as 185 mm respectively in Wembera district. However, using AquaCrop model the maximum ETc of 565 mm was recorded in Guba but 425 mm was recorded as minimum in Wembera district for irrigated maize in the study area. The study revealed that the irrigation scheduling with a fixed interval criterion for maize 10 days with 12 irrigation events has been determined. Moreover, furrow irrigation with 60% irrigation application efficiency was adjusted during irrigation water applications for all districts. The performance of the irrigation schedule and crop response was evaluated by the analysis results in the simulation using different models. It has been observed that there was a strong relationship and a significant relation between the simulated and observed values for validation. Hence, Normalized Root mean square errors (NRMSE), model by Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), Prediction error (Pe), and Model efficiency (MF) showed that AquaCrop model well simulated in all parameters considered. AquaCrop model is the most suitable soil-water-crop-environment management model, so future studies should suggest a focus on addressing deficit irrigation strategy with different field management conditions to improve agricultural water productivity under irrigated agriculture for the study area for major crops.
Asnake Tilaye*, Bayan Ahmed and Fikadu Gemeda
Water availability is becoming a critical issue in Ethiopia so that preferable irrigation technologies need to be developed and water productivity of irrigated crops through water management is a vital option in water scarce areas. Hence, the objective of this study was to enhance potato tuber production through the application of different irrigation system and deficit irrigation application under highland climatic condition. Field experiment was carried out at farmer field of Oda Sirba scheme for three consecutive years with three furrow irrigation system and one deficit irrigation 80% ETc and control irrigation 100% ETc replicated three times in a split plot design. Obtained results revealed that, the highest seasonal water requirement value of 497.8 mm was at CFI with full irrigation application while, the lowest value of 199.2 mm was by AFI and FFI with 80% ETc. The analysis of variance indicated that there was significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference obtained for yield and WUE of potato tuber. The highest yield of 36.12 t ha-1 was obtained from control treatment with CFI while FFI at deficit application had the lowest yield of 26.3 t ha-1. The nearest yield of 34.22 t ha-1 was obtained by AFI method with full irrigation application. Higher water use efficiency was observed at AFI method at a control level with 13.75 kg m-3 and higher than at 80% ETc with 13.46 kg m-3 but there is no significant variation between them. Highest benefit cost ratio of 47.85 was obtained from AFI method at control level. Yield and water use efficiency based comparison had shown that there was significant difference between the yield and WUE obtained at AFI and CFI, while applied water in AFI was reduced by 50%. Therefore, it can be concluded that increased water saving and associated water productivity through the use of AFI with 100% ETc, can solve problem of water shortage which improve WUE without significant reduction of yield. AFI system at full irrigation application appears to be a promising alternative for water conservation and labor saving with negligible reduction in yield.
DOI: 10.37421/jar.2022.11. 305
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Zerihun D* and Sanchez C.A.
DOI: 10.37421/idse.2022.11.316
LincSys is a software for simulating the hydraulics of linear-move and center-pivot irrigation systems. The term LincSys is a mnemonic for the phrase ‘linear-move and center-pivot systems’. The LincSys software is comprised of a pair of executable files: a hydraulic simulation module, HydrSimLaterals.exe, and a graphical user interface (GUI), LincSys.exe, through which the user interacts with the hydraulic module. The user interface and the computational module are coupled through an application programming interface. The simulation module of LincSys is based on a numerical solution of the continuity and energy balance equations for one-dimensional steady pipe flow. The model can simulate the hydraulics of linear-move and center-pivot systems that use the following emission devices to meter outlet discharges along the lateral: (i) drop-tubes fitted with pressure reducing valve and emitter assemblies, (ii) drop-tube and emitter assemblies, or (iii) emitters placed directly on lateral outlet ports. The GUI of LincSys consists of a tabbed form with four windows, namely, the Systems-Projects, Input, Output, and Charts tabpages. Each tabpage provides access to a subset of the program functionalities, consisting of: project management, help utilities, displaying and enabling the editing of input data, conducting simulation, and displaying output data and charts. LincSys employs a mix of standard Windows user interface controls to enable users to issue commands, navigate the user interface, and access program functionalities. Note that this manuscript is part I of a two-part paper and it describes the hydraulic simulation module and the GUI of LincSys. Part II presents application examples and a brief summary of results of model evaluation.
Zerihun D* and Sanchez C.A
DOI: 10.37421/idse.2022.11.315
A software for simulating the hydraulics of linear-move and center-pivot irrigation systems, LincSys, is presented in the current paper. This manuscript is part II of a two-part paper. Descriptions of software functionalities relating to the graphical user interface and the hydraulic simulation module of LincSys are presented in manuscript I. Results of evaluation of the computational module are summarized and a set of application examples are presented here. A limited evaluation of the hydraulic simulation module suggests that the predictive capability of the model is satisfactory. In line with results of earlier studies, computed outputs of application examples show that the lateral pressure profiles of linear-move and center-pivot systems exhibit both local span-scale spatial variability patterns and broader inter-span trends, suggesting that a complete description of the pressure profile patterns of these laterals requires that both spatial variability attributes be assessed. While the lateral pressure spatial variability properties are primarily functions of span geometry, the outcomes of the current study confirm results from an earlier study that field slope and lateral diameter can modify the basic effects produced by span geometry. Simulated emitter discharge profiles indicate that distribution uniformity along linear-move and center-pivot laterals can be high. The results also show that, depending on the system configuration option, the spatial variability attributes of an emitter discharge profile can have similarity with certain aspects of (or can be completely different from) that of the corresponding lateral pressure profile.
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Irrigation & Drainage Systems Engineering received 835 citations as per Google Scholar report
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