DOI: 10.37421/2157-7145.2023.14.558
The study of detection of alcohol in local beverage of Jharkhand state is very needful research for law enforcement agencies and state police authority, because Jharkhand state is very rich in culture and its maximum population in villages or in a small city the people use the local liquors for consumption and sometimes it seems that in certain cases in local beverage founding methanol concentration on it due to that the consumer suffers from it, that’s this study is important for the purpose of helping in police investigation and detection of crime related to illegal liquors cases. In this research study we use both presumptive examination by performing color test and for confirmatory test we analyze by UV-vis spectroscopy.
DOI: 10.37421/2157- 7145.2023.14.566
Latent fingerprints are a common investigative tool used not only by police forces, but also by military forensic experts. One of the most routinely forensic investigation conducted within the Brazilian army is due crimes against the patrimony where fingerprint analysis is an efficient way of identifying perpetrators. DNA analysis of smudged or incomplete prints can be a complementary methodology making full use of the evidence. Considering the context of crime scene analysis within the Brazilian army, we assessed the use of sodium chloride 0.9% (NaCl) as a swabbing solution for DNA collection from fingerprints deposited on glass and metal surfaces combined with lysis solution methodology for DNA extraction. Also, we compared the results obtained from using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate 2% (SDS), a common choice of swabbing solution. The data found in this study showed no statistically significant difference regarding the recovery of DNA from latent fingerprints between the two tested solutions. However, the use of NaCl 0.9% as a collection solution combined with lysis solution as an extraction method presents an advantage of less time-consuming and lower costs overall.
Camille Ropert, Simon Buré, Adèle Sourisce, Caroline Gallois, Myriam Siffointe, Laurent Bartholin, Fabrice Besacier, Romain Appourchaux*, and Mathieu Gabut*
Objective: Identifying the origin of human biological traces detected at crime scenes by comparing DNA profiles to national or international forensic databases is often key to provide new orientations to police investigations. However, when unknown profiles are established, investigators can benefit from forensic genetics to propose new leads, for example by predicting the physical appearance of individuals. Since blood traces are of primary interest for forensic investigators and often lead to the extraction of usable genetic material, in this study, we developed a methodology to predict the biological age from blood samples based on the analysis of DNA methylation of human genomic regions.
Methods: We first established a cohort of blood samples obtained from 170 French donors aged from 0 to 101 years old. We analyzed the methylation status of 5 age-associated CpG sites using the SNaPshot method, a primer-extension based assay routinely used in the French forensic police laboratories. Using a training set of 136 samples, we generated an age-prediction model based on multiple regression analyses of DNA methylation data and we tested its predictive performances on a validation set.
Results: The SNaPshot assay was adapted to limiting quantities of genomic DNA relevant for forensic investigations. The DNA methylation levels were established for 5 age-related CpG sites in 170 blood samples collected from French male and female donors. We established a statistical model optimized for 5 CpG sites that can explain 97% of age variation with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 3.45 years between the estimated biological and chronological age of individuals. Conclusion: We developed an approach to predict the biological age of individuals strictly based on the methylation levels of 5 CpG sites from circulating blood samples and that is compatible with routine genetic analyses in French forensic police laboratories.
One of the good indicators of social control of power is the way in which contemporary societies deal with transitional justice. The most academic approaches to transitional justice, especially in Brazil, usually does not observe the role played by The Supreme Court in particular, and the judiciary in general. This paper seeks to make a relatively different approach. We observe the regulatory frameworks of the Brazilian authoritarian periods, such as the preamble of the 1937 Brazilian Constitution and the preamble of the Institutional Act n. 1/64, looking at them as they were like the Comic Code Authority, in a comparative approach, and observing, also in a comparative way, the Supreme Court as representative of a kind of “Ring of Gyges”, the mythical famous magical artifact mentioned by Plato in his Republic, in order to allow the “invisibility” of supposed heroes at authoritarian regimes, in a struggle that sought to identify “good guys” and “bad guys”, or the “good” versus “evil” in a context in which normative transitional disputes resemble reports of different narratives, and within which the version matters more than the responsibility for the violation of rights and the human dignity. This paper uses the essay style, through bibliographic review as a method to talk about the theme described in this abstract.
Dubey A. D., Ashutosh Mall* and Lav Kesharwani
Diatoms are unique algae. They are scientifically known as Bacillariophyceae. Diatoms have been used in forensic science in a variety of ways, the most frequent being the diagnosis of death by drowning. When a person drowns, water will enter the lungs and then enter the bloodstream through ruptures in the peripheral alveoli before being carried to the other organs such as the liver and heart. Naturally, the microscopic contents of the water, which will include diatoms, will pass into the blood as well. The detection of diatoms in the organs can contribute to a diagnosis of death by drowning, a process referred to as the ‘diatom test’. A study was conducted in the department of Forensic Science, SHUATS, Prayagraj which included the extraction and identification of diatoms from the collected water samples from three different sites of Kaalesar Ghat of Rapti River in Gorakhpur. The acid digestion method was used for diatom extraction. And, after analysis total 13 diatom species were found. The identified diatoms were of great ecological assessment that plays an important role in criminal investigations related to pre-mortem or ante-mortem drowning.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7145.2023.14.546
Currently in Italy sometimes the criminal cohorts based on the combined provisions of articles 202 (Applicability of security measures), 203 (Social danger) and 133 (Gravity of the crime: Evaluation of the effects of the penalty) of the code they feel the need to assess whether the human person who has committed a criminal offense is "socially dangerous ".
The Italian criminal code establishes that for socially dangerous people who have committed a criminally relevant act (crime or quasicriminal) envisaged as such at the time of its commission, additional security measures may be applied and maintained.
Even in cases determined by the law in which the legislator makes the need for rehabilitation prevail for a fact not foreseen by the law as a crime (defined as a quasi-criminal, these are mandatory cases: The impossible crime, the criminal agreement not executed, committing a crime if the instigation is not upheld) safety measures can be applied to socially dangerous people.
The assessment of clinical social danger is based on the study of the state of mind: At the time and after the arrest, by reading the judicial documents (to find out about the crime formalized at the time of the prosecution by the Public Prosecutor), the interrogation reports and/or statements made, and any health documentation.
Eugenio Dorio*, G Calabrese, C Lucanto and P Montagna
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7145.2023.14.546
Forensic biological examination is a part of forensic science, which has the aims to identify biological matrix and stains on crime scenes or findings. Forensic biological examination is important for the identification of even the smallest biological samples and their attribution to a specific person, victim or suspect. During crime scene investigation hair is one of the biological samples that can be found and can lead the operators to identify the perpetrators. In fact, hair can be easily found on findings, both clothes and objects, near victims and/or in the area of the crime. The hairs functions of protection, sensing and thermal insulation make them strongly present in almost all human population, increasing the possibility to found them quite everywhere, also on crime scenes. Microscopic analysis of the human hairs can be used to make a comparative analysis on suspects, focus the attention on pretty well-known morphological characteristics such as: Medulla; scales; cortex; cuticle and pigmentation. Furthermore, the bulb of human hair, found on crime scenes or on findings, can be used in forensic genetics examination to reach a DNA matching between hairs and suspect or victim. In fact, only within the bulb there are traces of nucleated cells that let the operators to extract DNA and carry out a genetic profile. The aim of this research is to cross compare multiple knowledge from different research papers on forensic hair examination in order to assess the evolution of the study and technology in this field and for assess new perspective of research and forensic applications.
Kavya Sri* and Kowdi Manisha
Forensic art is a technique of reconstruction using little or no evidence available to solve a certain case. Usually, it is carried out by reconstructing tissues on the skulls for the identification. Forensic art is basically divided into few categories including composite imagery, image modification/identification, demonstrative evidence and reconstruction/post mortem drawing which is then further divided into 2 dimensional and 3 dimensional. The forensic facial sketches include the forensic and composite sketches. The facial reconstruction basically involves five principles including ear location, mouth width, eyeball to orbit relation, nose tip shape, ear length. Initially Welcker facial reconstruction technique was used but later being taken over by 3D computerized facial reconstruction technology. The procedure involves technical phase of reconstruction, then followed by development of features of face of the individual finally the drawing from the skull is used for victim’s identification. 2D has advantages in identification of deceased skeletal remains as well. The 2D images are developed using CARES and FACES software. But a disadvantage includes the depth of the face cannot be determined in 2D. Whereas in 3D reconstruction manual method using clay, wax etc., is done where the depth can also be identified. 3D includes various methods including tissue depth method, anatomical method, British method (combination method), computerized 3D forensic facial reconstruction. But 3D method is only carried out after 2D method. For the checking of the accuracy of these methods face pool, resemblance ratings and morphometric comparison is usually done.
Richa Rohatgi* and Femin Dominica
Nanotechnology acts as a powerful classical tool for the purpose of identification, individualization and evaluation of materials with evidentiary value. The novel properties introduced by the changes in physical and chemical properties of the material are utilized for the forensic purposes in the detection of latent fingerprints, drugs, explosive materials etc. Nanomaterials area also proved to enhance the PCR efficiency and thereby benefits the DNA analysis. The nano-based analytical equipments such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Raman Micro spectroscopy and Time of Flight mass Spectroscopy (TOF-MS) are utilized for the visualization and the detection of evidences of trace amount. Among these, AFM possess wide range of applications in Forensic applications in a variety of fields such as determination of sequence of strokes, time since death, age of bloodstain etc and therefore focused in this paper, along with other nanoparticles applications.
Aqeel Ahmad*
In the mid 1980s, forensic DNA testing has been introduced It has played a very comprehensive role in providing service to the mankind via race finding, population determination, cast analysis, parental lineage, declaring punishment to the culprit and providing relief to the innocent. Remains of the victims of the mass disasters and of the missing people have been recombined for the identification purpose through linking them with the reference samples. The advancement of the new technologies have enhanced the capabilities of the laboratories working in recovering DNA results with more accuracy and improved sensitivity. Forensic laboratories have fully adopted automation for the sample preparation and for data analysis in order to provide efficient results. In forensic DNA analysis Short Tandem Repeat (STR) typing continues to be the most dependable and durable one although other genetic markers are also available and used for specific purposes.
Aqeel Ahmad*
In the mid 1980s, forensic DNA testing has been introduced It has played a very comprehensive role in providing service to the mankind via race finding, population determination, cast analysis, parental lineage, declaring punishment to the culprit and providing relief to the innocent. Remains of the victims of the mass disasters and of the missing people have been recombined for the identification purpose through linking them with the reference samples. The advancement of the new technologies have enhanced the capabilities of the laboratories working in recovering DNA results with more accuracy and improved sensitivity. Forensic laboratories have fully adopted automation for the sample preparation and for data analysis in order to provide efficient results. In forensic DNA analysis Short Tandem Repeat (STR) typing continues to be the most dependable and durable one although other genetic markers are also available and used for specific purposes.
Aqeel Ahmad*
In the mid 1980s, forensic DNA testing has been introduced It has played a very comprehensive role in providing service to the mankind via race finding, population determination, cast analysis, parental lineage, declaring punishment to the culprit and providing relief to the innocent. Remains of the victims of the mass disasters and of the missing people have been recombined for the identification purpose through linking them with the reference samples. The advancement of the new technologies have enhanced the capabilities of the laboratories working in recovering DNA results with more accuracy and improved sensitivity. Forensic laboratories have fully adopted automation for the sample preparation and for data analysis in order to provide efficient results. In forensic DNA analysis Short Tandem Repeat (STR) typing continues to be the most dependable and durable one although other genetic markers are also available and used for specific purposes.
Segni Nemomsa Geleta*, Gesesew Kibr and Muluneh Kidane
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7145.2023.13.547
Forensic science is a science of associating people, places and things involved in criminal activities for criminal proceedings. The development of forensic science across the world is less promising when compared with other sciences. Even though, there is strong interest and high demand in the provision of justice for criminal courts. The main aim of this narrative review is to identify the prime forensic science limitation and gaps from the previous studies to speculate ways of improvements in forensic service. In addition to this, the paper highlights forensic science laboratory standards, accreditation and policy related aspects and progresses for the betterment of future forensic service. It also tried to explore ways of improving forensic science in Ethiopia from the existing problem and current experience. Among the problems in Ethiopian forensic science; under stressing the significance of forensic science by administrative government, lack of awareness among forensic officers, absence of independent national forensic institute and shortage of expertise. The author strongly recommends that Ethiopian government should awake to design a national policy of forensic science and independent national forensic laboratory that will delivery national investigation and training in the arena of forensic science. Therefore, a policy strategy frames a direction for the development of forensic science through governing service provision, quality assurance, accreditation, related research and higher education.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7145.2023.14.538
Insect activity is often found on corpses, degrading and feeding on tissues and potentially hindering the investigation or even destroying evidence. Although the action of arthropods can create problems, they can also be used by forensic scientists. Dermestidae are those necrophagous arthropods that can be used in the laboratory as a means of separating rotting tissue and skeleton, in particular Dermestidae luciferia.
Gholamreza Homayounpour, Farouq Karimpour and Fatemeh Keshavarzi*
Introduction: The number of repeats of a single microsatellite may be different in different individuals, and this is the basis of their use in genetic fingerprinting. The aim of this study was to investigate of the allelic frequency of 7 autosomal loci in the Kurdish population of Iran.
Materials and Methods: Two fifty hundred men and women non-relatives of living Kurds in Kurdish provinces of Iran were randomly selected for the study of 7 autosomal markers (D16S539, D2S1338, D7S820, D21S11, D18S51, CFSIPO, and D13S317). After molecular analysis, allele’s frequency distributions and other population genetic parameters were done.
Results: The D21S11 and CFSIPO markers had the highest (0.8324) and the lowest (0.7400) polymorphism in the studied population, respectively. All of the 7 autosomal loci studied in Iranian Kurdish population had above 0.7 and 0.6 polymorphism and heterozygosity, respectively.
Conclusion: The degree of differentiation power or PD for 7 autosomal markers was between 0.730 and 0.884, which indicates a high differentiation power for all 7 markers.
Saranya Rajagopal, Mohan Vasudev and Lakshmanan Rajendran*
Diabetes mellitus remains a clutch of metabolic illnesses using inflated plasma glucose absorption as the foremost indication. It will be affected by a comparative or an aggregate deficiency of insulin which is created through the β-cells. Current trial outcomes designated the significance of the β-cell sequence intended for the enlargement of diabetes. This paper influences the analytical and numerical solutions of the system of nonlinear differential equations based on non-stationary diffusion containing a nonlinear term related to the kinetics of the enzymatic reaction. The Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) is expended to discover the analytical expressions of the glucose, Insulin, and β-cell mass respectively. The paradigm and its improvement are presented as well as the aforementioned mathematical investigation with thirteen parameters. Comparative analysis of analytical approximation and numerical simulations are also presented.
Osahon Itohan Roli, Obi-Ojinika Chukubueze, Ibeabuchi Nwachukwu Mike
Background: Stature is an important indicator for identification like other phenotypic traits; it is determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Stature or body height is one of the most important and useful anthropometric parameters that determine the physical identity of an individual, it is also considered as one of the important and significant parameters for the establishment of personal identity in the forensic medical examination or anthropological studies, particularly with the alarming increase in the frequency of road, floods, deliberate mutilation, and natural disasters.
Objectives: To predict stature and sex from the percutaneous length of arm and forearm bones in an adult Nigeria population.
Methods: The sample group used for this research consists of staff, students, and volunteers from the University of Lagos, comprising 222 individuals (115 males and 107 females) aged between 18-65 years. Various anthropological instruments such as Stadiometer: a product of SECA alpha® model 770, Germany, anthropometric Tape: calibrated in centimeters, weighing balance, and caliper were used for taking the measurement.
Results and Conclusion: Logistic regression showed statistical significance in sex prediction with the highest value gotten from the intercondylar width. All parameters showed a positive correlation with stature with the strongest from ulnar while the weakest was in the intercondylar measurement. Percutaneous measurement of arm and forearm length of both males and females provides good reliability in the estimation of stature and predicting of sex. Sexual dimorphism correlates more with the intercondylar. Simple and multiple linear regressions proved that the best way to predict and estimate stature is by taking the foot length.
Fingerprints have been the constant since the birth of mankind. The cyanoacrylate fuming method, also referred to as the super glue method, is proven to be the most effective tool used by investigators to develop latent fingerprint on non-porous surface such as glass and plastic. This method uses the vapors of superglue to develop latent fingerprints. The method relies on the deposition of polymerized cyanoacrylate ester on residues of latent fingerprints. This method develops clear, stable, white colored fingerprints on glass surface till upto 5th week whereas on plastic surface it was upto 4th week when observed under the temperature ranges between 12℃-25℃ at different time interval.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7145.2023.14.532
Chemical fingerprints of herbal items may be assessed using a variety of chemometric techniques. Chemical pattern recognition, similarity estimation, and spectral correlation chromatography are all examples of information to since the time of the Saints and Munis, herbal therapy has been utilized to treat a broad variety of ailments. Herbal formulations cannot be successfully manufactured without an in-depth knowledge of the active components. The quality of herbal medications is thoroughly evaluated using a variety of chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques (HM). They may be used to authenticate and identify herbal goods and are highly recommended for quality control of herbal medicines; particularly chromatographic fingerprints produced utilizing hyphenated techniques. A quality control method based on the chromatographic fingerprints of herbal remedies might be developed based on the idea of phyto-equivalency. Eory based procedures (SCC). The subject of this presentation was a study of several forensic toxicology detection procedures for caffeine from selected herbal medicines. Articles published between 2016 and 2022 are considered.
Vivekkumar Mangilal Chayal*, Naulak Lian Paite, Ashok Kumar Barik, Sanjeev Kumar, Sammo Bhattacharya and Amin Hetal
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7145.2023.14.531
In spite of several researches already carried out during the past decades, only limited information is available exploring the preservation of charred document and there is a need to recollect it. Therefore, there is a need to scrutinize literatures that have portrayed its legal values and validating it in light of available works and published research studies to enlighten the methods and techniques used in forensic questioned document examination to help stabilization, separation, detection, investigation, collection, preservation, prevention and decipherment of the charred document. This work will enlighten the forensic questioned document scientists, law enforcement agencies and also for awareness of public.
Simranjit Kaur*, Himanshu Chauhan, Simran, Saurav Kumar and Aishwarya Sunil
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7145.2023.14.556
Trace evidence are types evidence evolved when an object comes in contact with a surface (based on Locard’s exchange principle). Locard’s exchange principle states that: Every contact leaves its trace”. Whenever two objects comes in contact there is transfer of substances between them. They are microscopic in nature because it is difficult to detect to our naked eye. These types of evidence are crucial for the investigation and also help in reconstruction of the crime scene. Unusual trace evidence is a unique set of evidence found in the crime scene that will be play an important role in investigation. Trace evidence refers to minimal amount of sample particularly fibres, glass, hair, fingerprints, saliva, paint chips, glitter etc. The trace evidence presence depends on persistence of the evidence. The extent of persistence of evidence depends on size and shape, amount deposited, environmental factors and time.
Paint is a pigmented liquid composed of pigment, binder, liquid and additives. Used for protecting, decoration and for providing texture. Paint chips are mainly encountered in cases of hit and run, burglary, kidnapping, sexual assault and homicide. Paint evidence comes under two main categories class and individual. Class characteristics can be examined through chemical analysis of each layer as the manufacturer uses different combinations.
The paint analysis is performed in three forms they are mechanical, physical, and chemical. The mechanical involves by making a physical matches, chemical involves by determining the chemical composition and finally physical which relates to the color, texture, pattern and appearance. The paint from a vehicle can be traced based on specific modal and make as the manufacturer will mix different constituents with a specific formula which helps in curbing the suspect. Here in this project, we have performed the paint examination based on the following: physical examination, microscopic examination, solubility test and instrumentations.
Glitter as a trace evidence is found in cases of sexual assault, robbery, kidnapping, and accidental cases. It is collected by using a cello tape or post it- notes. The characterization of glitter is performed by using various techniques such as stereomicroscopy, FT-IR and SEM/EDX. Glitter is analysed based on their color, shape, size, thickness and specific gravity etc.
Aarushi Nair*, Baljeet Yadav and Anu Singla
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7145.2023.14.557
Handwriting is an acquired knowledge and learned neuromuscular activity, composed of letters, words or designs. Intoxication of certain drugs affects the neuromuscular system which causes variation in handwriting. In the present research work a total of 25 individual’s handwriting samples including both men and women were collected. Effect of intoxication of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and their combinations on handwriting was examined. Handwriting samples were collected twice before and after the consumption of intoxicants. Deterioration in the handwriting was examined both qualitatively and quantitatively. The handwriting parameters such as pictorial effects, spacing between letters, words and lines, alignment, size, proportion and tremors were analyzed. The volunteers who were habitual drinkers showed slighter variations in their handwriting under the influence of alcohol. The results revealed that alcohol alone can cause gross changes in the handwriting and signature, whereas tobacco and marijuana cause less effect than alcohol. It may be concluded that variations in the handwriting characteristics under the influence of intoxicants help to distinguish between the writing of drunken and sober person.
Shugufta Shafi*, Rubeena Anjum, Mandeep Kaur, Rakesh Gupta and Nidhi Khajuria
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7145.2023.14.558
Introduction: Well protected palatal rugae patterning in the oral cavity has been suggested as useful complimentary information for forensic purposes. Also since the blood group remains same throughout the lifespan of an individual, can act as a biological record.
Aim: The aim of the presentation is to study the different palatal rugae patterns and to correlate and compare palatoscopy with blood group among patients visiting Indira Gandhi government dental college Jammu.
Materials and methods: A total of 100 patients with age group ranging between 14-45 years with known blood group were included in the study. Palatal rugae patterns on plastercasts, were obtained and examined for different biometric characteristics including number, shape, length and association with sex and the data was obtained.
Results: There was significant association found between palatal rugae, ABO blood groups and Rh factor (chi square statistic=18.205, P=0.034).
Conclusion: The study concluded that palatal rugae when correlated with suspect’s specific blood group-Rh factor can be used to narrow down the suspect list and can also prove significant in identifying individuals in case of any disaster.
Journal of Forensic Research received 1817 citations as per Google Scholar report
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