Journal of Molecular Histology & Medical Physiology

Cancer has long been a formidable adversary in the realm of medical science. It's a disease that can originate from various tissues and affect virtually any part of the body, making it a complex and elusive target. While cancer treatment has evolved significantly over the years, the development of effective and precise therapeutic strategies has remained a major challenge. However, recent advancements in the field of immunotherapy have given rise to a promising approach known as neoantigen-based cancer vaccines. This cutting-edge technology holds the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment, offering personalized therapies that target the specific mutations in a patient's cancer cells. In this article, we will explore the concept of neoantigens, their significance in the realm of cancer immunotherapy, and the development of precision cancer vaccines. Neoantigens, a term derived from "new antigens," refer to a class of antigens that are unique to an individual's tumor cells. These antigens arise from mutations in a patient's DNA, either due to genetic predisposition or environmental factors, such as exposure to carcinogens. Neoantigens play a crucial role in the immune system's ability to distinguish between healthy cells and cancerous ones.

Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common type of skin cancer and represents a significant health concern worldwide. While most cases of cSCC are treatable with local interventions, some advance to more aggressive and invasive stages that require systemic treatments. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach for advanced cSCC, harnessing the body's immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells. However, individual patient responses to immunotherapy can vary significantly, and research has increasingly focused on identifying predictive factors, including sex, that influence treatment outcomes. Sexual dimorphism, the biological differences between males and females, is a well-established aspect of human physiology. These differences extend to the immune system and can influence responses to immunotherapy. Understanding how sex impacts immunotherapy response in advanced cSCC is crucial for tailoring treatment approaches and improving patient outcomes. This article will delve into the complex interplay between sex and immunotherapy response in advanced cSCC, exploring the biological and clinical aspects of this phenomenon.

Benzene is a well-known environmental pollutant and industrial chemical that poses serious health risks, including haematotoxicity. This study investigates the potential of plant-extract-loaded silica nanobeads as a novel approach to mitigate the haematotoxic effects of benzene exposure in Sprague Dawley rats. The research delves into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying haematotoxicity and explores the protective properties of silica nanobeads loaded with plant extracts. Findings from this study suggest a promising avenue for the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies against benzene-induced haematotoxicity. Benzene, a volatile organic compound commonly used in industrial applications and present in environmental pollution, is a recognized human carcinogen and a significant public health concern. Exposure to benzene can lead to a range of health issues, including haematotoxicity. Benzene-induced haematotoxicity is characterized by hematological disturbances such as bone marrow suppression, anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. These adverse effects on the blood system can have severe consequences for human health.

Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs) play a pivotal role in cancer metastasis, and their isolation and analysis hold immense promise for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Magnetic nanoparticles have emerged as a powerful tool for the selective separation of CTCs from non-CTCs, owing to their unique properties. This article reviews the current state of research on the applications of magnetic nanoparticles in CTC separation, emphasizing the various strategies, challenges, and future prospects in this dynamic field. Cancer remains a global health challenge, and one of its deadliest aspects is metastasis. The early detection and isolation of Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs) have the potential to transform cancer diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy. CTCs are cancer cells that have shed from the primary tumor and entered the bloodstream, serving as potential indicators of cancer progression and therapeutic response. However, isolating and characterizing these rare CTCs from the vast majority of non- CTCs in the blood is a formidable task.