Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common type of skin cancer and represents a significant health concern worldwide. While most cases of cSCC are treatable with local interventions, some advance to more aggressive and invasive stages that require systemic treatments. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach for advanced cSCC, harnessing the body's immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells. However, individual patient responses to immunotherapy can vary significantly, and research has increasingly focused on identifying predictive factors, including sex, that influence treatment outcomes. Sexual dimorphism, the biological differences between males and females, is a well-established aspect of human physiology. These differences extend to the immune system and can influence responses to immunotherapy. Understanding how sex impacts immunotherapy response in advanced cSCC is crucial for tailoring treatment approaches and improving patient outcomes. This article will delve into the complex interplay between sex and immunotherapy response in advanced cSCC, exploring the biological and clinical aspects of this phenomenon.
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