International Journal of Public Health and Safety

Several health impact modelling techniques have been created in response to the requirement to link changes in the built environment and transportation system operations to health outcomes. These tools provide results in terms of health impact measures like mortality, morbidity, and years of life with a disability adjusted for disability; in certain cases, they also provide economic metrics like willingness to pay and the monetary cost of health outcomes (such as mortality decreases). These models rarely and never take equality into consideration, according to an assessment of them. Many of them simply concentrate on evaluating the effects of one of these aspects or are only able to evaluate changes connected to specific modes, such as walking and bike projects. Additionally, there are limitations in area resolution and considerable calibration efforts needed. In order to understand the health implications of projects, plans, and policies, involve the affected populations, and inform decisionmaking toward health-improving policies, plans, and projects, health impact assessment (HIA) studies use a variety of models, tools, and other qualitative and quantitative techniques.

Methodology: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, data were collected on purpose from 329 patients with chronic conditions who presented to Kathmandu Medical College's Medical Outpatient Department. The Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale and the Patient Assessment Chronic Illness Care Questionnaire were used in face-to-face interviews to collect data. Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis H tests were used to calculate the association with chosen socio demographic variables. The average age of the patients was 6213 years. Males, those who worked, those who were never admitted to the hospital for their sickness, and those who exercised were found to have higher levels of self-efficacy. Age, education, marital status, carers, and body mass index all had a substantial impact on self-efficacy. Monthly family income had a substantial positive association with self-efficacy.

For children with autism spectrum disorder to receive complete care, it is crucial to quickly identify their mental health needs and connect them to providers (ASD). With the help of integrated care strategies, paediatric primary care is well-positioned to aid this process. This study used the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment framework to characterise factors that influence implementing integrated care practises for ASD as a first step toward mental health integration. The identification of mental health needs in children with ASD and access to mental health services were the topics of focus groups and surveys that were completed by sixty paediatric primary care doctors and leaders from three organisations. Results were combined to investigate convergence (i.e., did the two methods confirm or produce results that were similar) and expansion.