Business and Economics Journal

Purpose: The purpose of this articles discussion is to describe the application of ethical decision-making and
the three primary relationships within health care leadership. Healthcare change occurs rapidly and increases tension
and mistrust between payers, providers, and patients. Application of ethical standards to decision-making and change
decreases healthcare cost and improves trust in change processes.
Approach: Health care challenges occur among three primary relationships. These relationships include the patient
and provider, patient and payer, and provider and payer. A plethora of leadership models exist with regard to leading
change; however, these models do not consider that leaders are not always concerned with the ethical decision-making
process. Evaluation of the ethical principles, healthcare relationships, and recent healthcare changes found in the
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act guide the articles discussion.
Findings: Application of ethical principles to transformational leadership improves healthcare relationships
and alleviates stress and tension produced by change. Healthcare leaders have an expectation to provide ethical
considerations during change management and the decision-making process which influences the various relationships
found in healthcare.
Value: Healthcare leaders are in the unique position to improve healthcare using ethical principles. Because health
care reform requires ethical decision-making from leaders, the application of ethical principles to the various relationships
health care leaders’ influence creates fundamental and successful change in health care.

The immediate reaction of financial firms subject to the 2008 short sale ban has been examined in previous literature
and showed largely positive reactions. This study examines the ban beyond just those firms subject to the ban and finds
that reactions of the financial industry as a whole, and not just those firms that were subject to the ban, were not as clear
and imply a lack of cohesion. Additionally, this study finds that the commonalities of those firms subject to the ban were,
as suggested by media, minimal which implies that policy makers may not have produced the intended outcome. In an
effort to elaborate on the potential of unintended outcomes an industry ripple analysis was completed and shows that
particular sectors seem to follow the financial industry. Specifically, the finding is that capital intensive industries trended
with the financial industry at the initial announcement. Understanding the interrelatedness amongst industries should
assist in future policy implementations and business decisions.