DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.620
Physiotherapy plays a crucial role in pre-habilitation, post-operative care, and rehabilitation to reduce postoperative pulmonary complications. The use of various devices like incentive spirometers, and respiratory muscle training devices is an integral part of chest physiotherapy. Currently, there are many devices available in the market, which have been used in physiotherapy. Despite their regular use in the clinical setup, many clinical practitioners do not have thorough knowledge about their functioning and effect. This article intends to make physiotherapists aware of the types, components, teaching techniques, and uses of such devices, to have optimal and specific benefits. The knowledge of these devices may help professionals to select the best device to be used. To select the most appropriate one, it is also necessary to consider the specific health condition, the nature of the impairments, the purpose of the training, and whether its use is within a research or clinical context.
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.644
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.645
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.641
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.642
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.643
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.652
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.653
Awareness among clinicians about idiopathic Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis (PPFE) is lacking and by the time patients are diagnosed with it, they were seen by multiple physicians and misdiagnosed multiple times. It is a rare condition that is characterized by fibrosis of the pleura and subpleural lung parenchyma, predominantly affecting the upper lobes. Most common cause of fibrosis in other processes is collagen predominant but in PPFE fibrosis is usually caused by elastic fibers. Verhoeff van Gieson stain from lung biopsies in patients who presented with fibrosis in the upper pleural and parenchymal areas will help in establishing the diagnosis by demonstrating the elastic fibers. We also need to rule out the possibility of other lung parenchymal conditions like usual interstitial pneumonia, nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis, pulmonary apical cap etc. We have presented a case report on PPFE to bring attention to clinicians so that patients are diagnosed early.
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.650
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.651
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) develops when fluid accumulates in your lungs' small, elastic air sacs (alveoli). Because the fluid prevents your lungs from filling with enough air, less oxygen reaches your circulation. This deprives your organs of the oxygen they require to perform properly. ARDS is a potentially fatal form of respiratory failure that affects around 200,000 individuals in the United States each year, resulting in nearly 75,000 deaths. Globally, ARDS accounts for 10% of intensive care unit admissions, resulting in about 3 million ARDS patients each year.
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.631
Respiratory viral infections represent a significant burden on public health worldwide, causing a wide range of illnesses that vary in severity from mild common colds to severe respiratory syndromes, including influenza and COVID-19. Understanding the transmission mechanisms of these viruses and implementing effective containment strategies are critical to mitigating their impact on global health. This article aims to explore the key aspects of respiratory viral infections, including the transmission routes, risk factors, and containment measures that have been employed to control their spread. By synthesizing the latest research and public health efforts, we hope to provide valuable insights into combatting these infections and improving our overall preparedness for future outbreaks. Respiratory viral infections pose a continuous threat to public health, affecting millions of individuals every year. These infections are primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets and aerosols, making personto- person transmission the primary mode of spread. The most common respiratory viral infections include influenza viruses, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), rhinoviruses, and more recently, the novel coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we delve into the mechanisms of transmission for these viruses and explore the containment strategies that have been employed to combat their spread.
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.632
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.625
Respiratory diseases constitute a significant global health burden, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. The understanding of the genetic underpinnings of these conditions has rapidly evolved over the years, thanks to advances in genomic technologies and research. This comprehensive review delves into the latest genetic insights into respiratory diseases, exploring how bench research has translated into clinical applications at the bedside. We will discuss key respiratory conditions, such as asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, and interstitial lung diseases, with a focus on genetic predisposition, risk factors, and personalized therapies. Moreover, we will analyze the impact of genetic discoveries on disease management and future prospects for precision medicine in the field of respiratory medicine.
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.629
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.628
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.626
Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is a complex and life-threatening condition characterized by elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, leading to increased workload on the right ventricle and eventual heart failure. Over the years, significant advancements have been made in understanding the pathophysiology, diagnosing, and managing PH. This comprehensive review aims to explore the current trends in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary hypertension, focusing on the latest research, technological innovations, and therapeutic strategies. By discussing the various diagnostic tools, classification systems, and treatment options available, this paper endeavors to shed light on the advancements that have improved the outlook for patients with PH.
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.627
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.630
Pulmonary Embolism (PE) is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when a blood clot, usually originating from the deep veins of the legs, travels to the lungs and obstructs blood flow. It remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over the years, advancements in medical technology and research have improved the diagnosis and management of PE. This article aims to explore the current trends in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary embolism, highlighting the various diagnostic modalities, risk stratification methods, and treatment options available to healthcare professionals. Pulmonary embolism is a serious medical condition that poses a significant challenge to healthcare providers due to its elusive nature. PE can range from asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic cases to life-threatening conditions requiring immediate intervention. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with this condition. In this article, we will delve into the latest trends in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary embolism.
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.634
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.633
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.620
Acute respiratory failure is a life-threatening condition that can result from various diseases and injuries affecting the respiratory system. Traditional mechanical ventilation, while effective, can lead to complications and prolonged hospital stays. In recent years, Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV) has emerged as an innovative and less invasive approach for managing acute respiratory failure. This article explores the advancements in noninvasive ventilation techniques, including the development of novel interfaces, intelligent algorithms, and the application of non-invasive strategies for specific patient populations. Additionally, the article discusses the evidence supporting the effectiveness of NIV and its potential to revolutionize the management of acute respiratory failure.
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.621
Air pollution is a pressing global issue that significantly affects public health, especially in urban areas. With the rapid industrialization and urbanization of cities, the levels of air pollutants have risen dramatically, posing severe risks to respiratory health. This paper aims to evaluate the impact of air pollution on lung health in urban environments, exploring the major pollutants, mechanisms of action, and the epidemiological evidence linking air pollution to respiratory diseases. Additionally, it will discuss the current regulatory measures and potential solutions to mitigate the detrimental effects of air pollution on lung health in urban settings. Air pollution is a complex mixture of various particulate matter (PM) and gaseous substances released from natural sources, industrial activities, and transportation systems. The primary pollutants include nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.622
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.623
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.624
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.635
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a debilitating and progressive lung disease that affects millions of people worldwide. It is a significant public health concern and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. In this comprehensive article, we will delve into the causes, symptoms, and diagnosis of COPD, shedding light on its impact on individuals, families, and society as a whole. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, commonly known as COPD, is a group of progressive lung disorders characterized by obstructed airflow in and out of the lungs. The primary subtypes of COPD include chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is defined by inflammation of the airways, leading to a persistent cough with mucus production, while emphysema involves damage to the air sacs in the lungs, leading to reduced lung elasticity.
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.636
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a debilitating and progressive respiratory disorder affecting millions worldwide. Among the numerous risk factors, smoking is considered the primary causative agent for COPD development and progression. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate relationship between smoking and COPD, examining its pathophysiological mechanisms, genetic predisposition, impact on disease severity, and potential interventions. By analyzing the latest scientific literature and clinical studies, this paper aims to provide a profound understanding of how smoking influences the progression of COPD and its implications for public health policies.
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.637
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.638
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.639
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.640
Lung diseases have become a significant public health concern worldwide. With the rise of air pollution, smoking, and unhealthy lifestyles, the prevalence of lung diseases has increased significantly. From chronic conditions like asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) to more severe ailments such as lung cancer, proper management and prevention are crucial to maintaining lung health. This article aims to explore various lung diseases, their risk factors, effective management strategies, and preventive measures to help individuals breathe easy and lead healthier lives.
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.641
The lungs are vital organs that facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, playing a pivotal role in sustaining life. Unfortunately, various lung diseases can compromise this essential function, leading to severe health issues and, in some cases, even life-threatening conditions. Understanding the nature of lung diseases, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options is crucial in promoting lung health and managing these conditions effectively. This comprehensive guide aims to demystify lung diseases, providing readers with essential information to recognize, prevent, and address these ailments. Before delving into the intricacies of lung diseases, it is essential to grasp the anatomy and function of these vital organs. The lungs consist of two main lobes, the left and right, enclosed within the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm, a muscular partition, forms the base of the thoracic cavity and is instrumental in the process of breathing.
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.642
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.643
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.644
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.645
Cancer, particularly pulmonary cancer or lung cancer, remains one of the leading causes of death globally. Over the years, significant advancements have been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer growth and progression. Traditional treatment options like surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy have played pivotal roles in managing pulmonary cancer, but they often come with substantial side effects and limited success rates, especially in advanced stages. In recent years, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising and revolutionary approach in the management of pulmonary cancer. This article delves into the role of immunotherapy in pulmonary cancer treatment, its mechanisms, challenges and future prospects.
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.646
Lung cancer remains one of the most prevalent and deadliest malignancies worldwide, contributing significantly to cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Traditional treatment approaches have primarily focused on generalized therapies that may not be optimally effective for all patients due to the inherent heterogeneity of lung cancer. However, advancements in genomic profiling and personalized medicine have opened new avenues for tailoring treatment strategies to individual patients, enhancing treatment outcomes and potentially revolutionizing the landscape of pulmonary cancer treatment.
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.647
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.648
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.649
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.650
Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs) are a complex and heterogeneous group of neoplasms that arise from the neuroendocrine cells of the respiratory epithelium. These tumors are relatively rare, accounting for only a small percentage of all lung malignancies, but their management presents unique challenges due to their diverse clinical behavior and varied treatment responses. Over the years, significant progress has been made in understanding the biology of pulmonary NETs, leading to breakthroughs in their diagnosis, treatment, and overall management. In this article, we will explore the challenges associated with managing pulmonary NETs and highlight the recent breakthroughs that have revolutionized their management strategies.
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.651
Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs) represent a diverse group of neoplasms arising from neuroendocrine cells in the respiratory tract. These tumors are relatively rare, accounting for only about 20% of all lung malignancies. Despite their rarity, managing pulmonary NETs presents unique challenges due to their heterogeneity, variable clinical behavior, and limited treatment options. Over the past few decades, significant progress has been made in understanding these tumors, leading to breakthroughs in diagnosis, classification, and treatment approaches. This article explores the challenges associated with managing pulmonary NETs and highlights the recent breakthroughs that are shaping the field.
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.652
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.653
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2023.13.654
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2022.12.617
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2022.12.616
A small amount of the drug is delivered to the lung because to poor absorption or gastrointestinal degradation in the vast majority of ongoing antiviral/hostile to SARS-CoV-2 specialists that are taken orally. In order to treat pneumonic diseases like the Coronavirus, breathed-in treatment by pneumonic medicine conveyance could be considered an expected strategy. It is possible to directly deliver pharmaceuticals to the lung using pneumonic conveyance, which ensures higher medication fixation in the lung and avoids unpleasant side effects because lesser dosages are needed.
Ramadevi Bhogireddy, Dinesh Annamalai, Swetha Manohar, Chitikela P Pullaiah, Venkataraman Krishnamurthy and S. Sugin Lal Jabaris*
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2022.12.618
Omicron is a new variant of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and globally it created a challenging and hostile situation. it is highly contagious and has spread to more than 150 countries. Omicron variant has critical mutations in the spike protein than other Variants of Concern (VoC) -Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta and Variants of Interest (VoI) – Mu, Lambda. According to the latest WHO report, the United Kingdom has reported the highest number of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant cases. Unlike the previous SARS-CoV-2 variants including Delta, the present variant, Omicron does not lead to severe respiratory infection. The variant’s spike protein has a higher affinity for the human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. The present context explores the details about the epidemiology, risk assessment and the genetic comparison of Omicron with other SARS-CoV-2 variants along with the impact of vaccines on Omicron infection.
DOI: 10.37421/2157-7145.2022.12.619
Objective: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease characterized by increased pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance that can lead to right heart failure. Connective Tissue Disease-Associated PAH (CTD-PAH) often has a worse outcome than idiopathic or Hereditary PAH (I/HPAH), suggesting the presence of non-PAH factors that may affect the prognosis of CTD-PAH patients. This study aimed to identify prognostic factors for CTD-PAH.
Methods: Medical records from the April 1999 through November 2014 period were reviewed to determine the time from treatment initiation to occurrence of a clinically worsening event (hospitalization for PAH exacerbation, progression to WHO Functional Class III or worse, decrease in 6-min walking distance by ≥ 15% from baseline, initiation of parenteral prostanoid therapy, or death), and the time elapsed until death. Data at baseline and final assessment were used to identify prognostic factors associated with these events.
Results: In 36 CTD-PAH patients analyzed, the proportions with no clinically worsening events at 1, 2 and 3 years after treatment initiation were 62, 52 and 45%, with survival rates of 88, 77 and 77%, respectively. In multivariate analysis for survival rate, no variable was identifiable as a prognostic factor. However, baseline hemoglobin, QR pattern in electrocardiogram lead V1, 60-min erythrocyte sedimentation rate and mean pulmonary artery pressure at the final assessment were identified as factors significantly associated with clinical worsening.
Conclusion: Not only hemodynamic status, but also non-PAH factors such as anemia, nutritional status and inflammatory activity of the underlying CTD were suggested to influence the prognosis of CTD-PAH patients. Development of a more multifactorial treatment strategy is necessary.
DOI: 10.37421/2161-105X.2022.12.001
The pursuit of a safe and effective HIV vaccine holds lifesaving potential for people globally; unfortunately, a number of ongoing HIV vaccine safety and efficacy trials are being shortened paused or postponed amidst the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) crisis. The COVID-19 outbreak that started in Wuhan, megacity of China late December, 2019, has spread to 188 countries and territories, with more than 9 million total confirmed cases and 470,061 total deaths globally as at 22 June, 2020 and still counting. Currently, no approved vaccines exist to prevent infection with the novel Coronavirus; however, the impact of the pandemic has been enormous with devastating effects on the global health and economy, with many countries introducing stringent response measures to de-escalate the spread of the virus. Recruiting and retaining volunteers for HIV vaccine trials this period has become very challenging due to a lot of factors including fear of potential exposure to the new coronavirus, ethical issues and safety concerns. The protection and safety of participants and clinic staff remain a priority for HIV vaccine investigators worldwide. They are at the moment making conscious efforts to implement measures necessary to prevent potential exposure and transmission of COVID-19 among study participants and clinic staff in various study sites. To this end, the pursuit of a safe and effective HIV vaccine must continue to follow global best practices, devoid of any form of political, religious or racial bias. The pursuit for vaccine to curb the HIV pandemic is on and should not be at the expense of ethical principles such as informed consent and medical privacy. Despite the draw backs experienced so far, it is very important that virologists and vaccine developers do not relent in their quest for safe and effective HIV vaccines. Instead, they should redouble their efforts and build on past lessons. The scientific integrity of each clinical trial must not be compromised for political or economic gains, rather the World Health Organization with other important stakeholders must continue to monitor and ameliorate the impact of COVID-19 on the conduct of the early and large-scale HIV vaccine clinical trials globally.
Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine received 1690 citations as per Google Scholar report