Perspective - (2025) Volume 14, Issue 1
Received: 01-Jan-2025, Manuscript No. jio-25-172157;
Editor assigned: 03-Jan-2025, Pre QC No. P-172157;
Reviewed: 17-Jan-2025, QC No. Q-172157;
Revised: 22-Jan-2025, Manuscript No. R-172157;
Published:
29-Jan-2025
, DOI: 10.37421/2329-6771.2025.14.532
Citation: Singh, Beena K. ”Toxicology: Threats, Health Effects, Future Strategies.” J Integr Oncol 14 (2025):532.
Copyright: © 2025 Singh B. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution
and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Microplastics and nanoplastics represent a significant and growing threat to both environmental ecosystems and human health. These tiny plastic particles, prevalent across various environments, can accumulate in biological systems, leading to physical damage, inflammation, and potential disruption of cellular functions. What this really means is that our widespread use of plastics is creating a pervasive pollutant with complex toxicological consequences that we're only just beginning to understand [1].
Environmental neurotoxicants are a serious concern for neurodevelopmental disorders, especially in vulnerable populations. This review highlights how exposure to various chemicals, including pesticides, heavy metals, and air pollutants, can impair brain development and function, contributing to conditions like autism spectrum disorder and ADHD. It's clear that understanding these environmental links is crucial for preventive strategies [2].
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) are increasingly linked to metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions that increase risk for heart disease and diabetes. This review emphasizes that EDCs, found in everyday products, interfere with hormonal systems, impacting metabolism, fat storage, and glucose regulation. Here's the thing: these chemical exposures have profound and often subtle effects on our metabolic health [3].
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a significant challenge in drug development and clinical practice. This paper details the various mechanisms by which drugs can harm the liver, from direct toxicity to immune-mediated reactions, and explores the emerging biomarkers that help predict, diagnose, and monitor DILI. Understanding these pathways is key to safer drug use and personalized medicine [4].
In vitro methods for toxicology are rapidly advancing, moving beyond traditional 2D cell cultures to more complex 3D models like organoids and organ-on-a-chip systems. These innovations offer more physiologically relevant platforms for assessing chemical toxicity, reducing reliance on animal testing, and providing better predictions for human responses. It's about getting more accurate safety data, faster and more ethically [5].
Toxic metals, such as lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium, continue to pose significant health risks globally. This comprehensive review highlights recent findings on how these metals enter the human body, their accumulation patterns, and the diverse adverse effects they exert on various organ systems. It underscores the ongoing need for vigilant monitoring and mitigation strategies to protect public health [6].
Cardiotoxicity is a serious side effect of many anti-cancer therapies, limiting treatment effectiveness and impacting patient quality of life. This article explores the various mechanisms by which chemotherapy and radiation can damage the heart, from direct cellular injury to changes in vascular function. What this really means is that balancing cancer treatment efficacy with preventing cardiac damage is a critical area of ongoing research [7].
Organ-on-a-chip technology is transforming toxicology by providing miniature, functional models of human organs. These advanced microphysiological systems mimic the intricate structures and functions of real organs, allowing for more accurate and predictive toxicity testing of drugs and chemicals. This shift moves us closer to personalized medicine and away from traditional, less reliable methods [8].
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in various forms of drug-induced toxicity. This review delves into how drugs can impair mitochondrial function, leading to oxidative stress, energy depletion, and ultimately cell death or organ damage. Understanding these specific mechanisms is key to developing safer drugs and therapeutic strategies to counteract mitochondrial toxicity [9].
Pulmonary toxicology of inhaled nanoparticles is a critical area given the widespread use of nanomaterials and ambient ultrafine particles. This paper discusses the mechanisms by which inhaled nanoparticles can induce lung injury, inflammation, and systemic effects, impacting respiratory health and beyond. Let's break it down: assessing the risks from these tiny particles is essential for occupational and environmental safety [10].
Microplastics and nanoplastics represent a significant and growing threat to both environmental ecosystems and human health. These tiny plastic particles, prevalent across various environments, can accumulate in biological systems, leading to physical damage, inflammation, and potential disruption of cellular functions. What this really means is that our widespread use of plastics is creating a pervasive pollutant with complex toxicological consequences that we're only just beginning to understand [1]. Environmental neurotoxicants are a serious concern for neurodevelopmental disorders, especially in vulnerable populations. This review highlights how exposure to various chemicals, including pesticides, heavy metals, and air pollutants, can impair brain development and function, contributing to conditions like autism spectrum disorder and ADHD. It's clear that understanding these environmental links is crucial for preventive strategies [2].
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) are increasingly linked to metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions that increase risk for heart disease and diabetes. This review emphasizes that EDCs, found in everyday products, interfere with hormonal systems, impacting metabolism, fat storage, and glucose regulation. Here's the thing: these chemical exposures have profound and often subtle effects on our metabolic health [3]. Toxic metals, such as lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium, continue to pose significant health risks globally. This comprehensive review highlights recent findings on how these metals enter the human body, their accumulation patterns, and the diverse adverse effects they exert on various organ systems. It underscores the ongoing need for vigilant monitoring and mitigation strategies to protect public health [6]. Pulmonary toxicology of inhaled nanoparticles is a critical area given the widespread use of nanomaterials and ambient ultrafine particles. This paper discusses the mechanisms by which inhaled nanoparticles can induce lung injury, inflammation, and systemic effects, impacting respiratory health and beyond. Let's break it down: assessing the risks from these tiny particles is essential for occupational and environmental safety [10].
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a significant challenge in drug development and clinical practice. This paper details the various mechanisms by which drugs can harm the liver, from direct toxicity to immune-mediated reactions, and explores the emerging biomarkers that help predict, diagnose, and monitor DILI. Understanding these pathways is key to safer drug use and personalized medicine [4]. Cardiotoxicity is a serious side effect of many anti-cancer therapies, limiting treatment effectiveness and impacting patient quality of life. This article explores the various mechanisms by which chemotherapy and radiation can damage the heart, from direct cellular injury to changes in vascular function. What this really means is that balancing cancer treatment efficacy with preventing cardiac damage is a critical area of ongoing research [7].
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in various forms of drug-induced toxicity. This review delves into how drugs can impair mitochondrial function, leading to oxidative stress, energy depletion, and ultimately cell death or organ damage. Understanding these specific mechanisms is key to developing safer drugs and therapeutic strategies to counteract mitochondrial toxicity [9].
In vitro methods for toxicology are rapidly advancing, moving beyond traditional 2D cell cultures to more complex 3D models like organoids and organ-on-a-chip systems. These innovations offer more physiologically relevant platforms for assessing chemical toxicity, reducing reliance on animal testing, and providing better predictions for human responses. It's about getting more accurate safety data, faster and more ethically [5]. Organ-on-a-chip technology is transforming toxicology by providing miniature, functional models of human organs. These advanced microphysiological systems mimic the intricate structures and functions of real organs, allowing for more accurate and predictive toxicity testing of drugs and chemicals. This shift moves us closer to personalized medicine and away from traditional, less reliable methods [8].
This data collection explores critical areas within toxicology, highlighting both environmental and pharmaceutical concerns. Environmental threats are significant: microplastics and nanoplastics pose pervasive risks to ecosystems and human health, causing physical damage and inflammation. Neurotoxicants, including pesticides and heavy metals, impair brain development, contributing to neurodevelopmental disorders. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) interfere with hormonal systems, leading to metabolic syndrome, while toxic metals like lead and mercury continue to be global health risks. Even inhaled nanoparticles present pulmonary and systemic dangers, underscoring the need for careful risk assessment. In the realm of pharmaceuticals, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and cardiotoxicity from anti-cancer therapies remain major clinical challenges, often linked to direct cellular damage or mitochondrial dysfunction. Understanding these diverse mechanisms is vital for developing safer drugs and effective therapeutic strategies. Crucially, advancements in toxicology are moving towards more ethical and predictive methods. Innovative in vitro systems, such as 3D organoids and organ-on-a-chip technologies, offer physiologically relevant platforms. These methods reduce reliance on animal testing, providing better human response predictions and paving the way for personalized medicine. The collective insight emphasizes the ongoing need for vigilance in monitoring toxic exposures and the development of advanced tools for assessing their complex health impacts.
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Journal of Integrative Oncology received 495 citations as per Google Scholar report
