Socioeconomic and Behavioural Determinants of Periodontal Health in Urban Populations

Sagara Fukushima^*
*Correspondence: Sagara Fukushima, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Baika Women’s University, Ibaraki 567-8578, Japan, Email:

Introduction

Periodontal health is an essential component of overall oral well-being, directly influencing an individual's quality of life. Periodontal disease, which encompasses a range of conditions such as gingivitis and periodontitis, affects the tissues surrounding the teeth and can lead to tooth loss if left untreated. While there are numerous factors that contribute to periodontal health, socioeconomic status and behavioral patterns play a significant role in determining the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease within populations. Urban populations, characterized by diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and varying access to healthcare, present a unique opportunity to study the influence of these determinants on oral health. The rapid urbanization and changes in lifestyle associated with urban living have led to shifts in health patterns, including increased risk factors for periodontal diseases. Socioeconomic disparities within urban settings, coupled with lifestyle behaviors, such as diet, smoking, and oral hygiene practices, often create a significant divide in oral health outcomes [1].

Socioeconomic status (SES) is one of the most critical factors influencing the health of individuals, including their oral health. SES is commonly assessed through a combination of indicators such as income, education, and occupation. These factors shape the lifestyle choices individuals make and determine access to healthcare, both of which significantly influence the development and progression of periodontal diseases. Income is a significant determinant of periodontal health because it affects an individualâ??s ability to afford dental care. Lower-income individuals are less likely to access preventive dental services, which can contribute to higher rates of periodontal disease. Studies have shown that individuals with lower incomes are more likely to experience advanced stages of periodontal disease, including periodontitis, due to a lack of regular dental check-ups, preventive care, and early intervention [2].

Description

In urban populations, income disparities are particularly pronounced, with wealthier individuals having better access to high-quality dental care, while those in lower-income brackets often face financial barriers. This divide results in a higher burden of periodontal disease among lower-income urban residents. Furthermore, lower-income individuals are more likely to experience multiple chronic health conditions, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which are linked to an increased risk of periodontal disease. Education level is another critical socioeconomic factor influencing periodontal health. Higher education levels are associated with greater health literacy, which in turn leads to better awareness of the importance of oral hygiene and the risks of periodontal disease. Individuals with higher education are more likely to engage in regular oral health care practices, such as brushing and flossing, and to seek dental care when needed. In contrast, those with lower levels of education may not fully understand the consequences of periodontal disease or may be less inclined to seek care. Urban populations often exhibit a wide range of educational attainment, and those with limited education are more likely to suffer from untreated periodontal conditions. Additionally, education can influence other aspects of health behavior, such as dietary habits and the likelihood of smoking, both of which are known to affect periodontal health [3].

Occupation plays a dual role in influencing periodontal health. Certain occupations may expose individuals to environments that increase the risk of periodontal disease, while others may provide better access to health benefits, including dental coverage. For example, people working in high-stress environments or jobs with irregular hours may experience more challenges in maintaining good oral hygiene. Additionally, occupations that involve exposure to chemicals or toxins, such as manufacturing or construction work, may negatively impact oral health. On the other hand, higher-status jobs often provide health benefits, including dental insurance, which can increase access to preventive care and early treatment of periodontal diseases. Occupation can thus be seen as both a risk and protective factor, with varying outcomes based on the nature of the work and the benefits associated with it. While socioeconomic factors provide the structural backdrop for oral health, behavioral determinants often drive the day-to-day practices that influence an individual's periodontal status. These behaviors include oral hygiene practices, diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, and stress management. Oral hygiene practices are among the most significant behavioral factors affecting periodontal health. Regular brushing, flossing, and professional cleanings help remove plaque and prevent the buildup of tartar, which is a primary cause of gum disease. However, urban populations, particularly those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, often report poorer oral hygiene habits, leading to an increased risk of periodontal disease [4].

The availability of dental products and services in urban settings is generally high, but socioeconomic barriers, such as the affordability of dental care or the time constraints imposed by busy work schedules, may limit the frequency and quality of oral hygiene practices. Additionally, cultural attitudes toward oral health may affect how individuals prioritize dental care. In some urban communities, oral hygiene may be neglected due to the perception that dental problems are not urgent or that treatment is too expensive. Diet plays a crucial role in the health of the gums and teeth. High-sugar and high-acid diets can contribute to the development of plaque and increase the risk of periodontal disease. Urban populations, particularly those in lower-income brackets, may have limited access to healthy foods and may rely more heavily on processed foods, which are often high in sugars and fats. This dietary pattern, combined with a lack of education about the importance of a balanced diet for oral health, can significantly impact periodontal outcomes. The consumption of sugary snacks and drinks, a common practice in urban settings, provides a food source for harmful bacteria in the mouth, which leads to the formation of plaque. Over time, if plaque is not adequately removed, it can lead to gum inflammation, bleeding, and eventually periodontitis. Tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption are two behavioral factors that significantly contribute to the development and progression of periodontal disease. Smoking is a well-established risk factor for periodontal disease, as it impairs the body's immune response, reduces blood flow to the gums, and promotes the formation of tartar. Smokers are more likely to experience severe periodontal disease and tooth loss compared to non-smoker [5].

Conclusion

The socioeconomic and behavioral determinants of periodontal health in urban populations are deeply intertwined, with each factor influencing the others in a complex web. Socioeconomic status, including income, education, and occupation, plays a fundamental role in shaping individuals' access to dental care and their ability to maintain good oral hygiene practices. Additionally, behavioral factors such as diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, and stress are critical drivers of periodontal disease in urban settings. Urban populations, particularly those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, face a higher risk of periodontal disease due to a combination of limited access to care, unhealthy lifestyle choices, and lack of education about oral health. Public health efforts must focus on addressing these disparities through education, improved access to care, and targeted interventions aimed at promoting healthier behaviors. To reduce the burden of periodontal disease in urban populations, it is essential to adopt a multifaceted approach that addresses both the socioeconomic and behavioral determinants of health. Policy changes that improve access to affordable dental care, public awareness campaigns that promote good oral hygiene practices, and programs that target risk behaviors such as smoking and poor nutrition can significantly improve periodontal health outcomes in urban communities.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.

References

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