Relationship between Trace Elements and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Women: A Case-control Study

Michos Klein^*
*Correspondence: Michos Klein, Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, Email:

Introduction

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, characterized by hormonal imbalances, ovulatory dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances. PCOS is associated with a wide range of symptoms, including irregular menstrual cycles, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, obesity, and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. While the exact etiology of PCOS remains unclear, growing evidence suggests that trace elements essential micronutrients involved in various physiological processes may play a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Trace elements such as zinc, copper, iron, selenium, and magnesium contribute to metabolic homeostasis, antioxidant defense, and hormonal regulation, making their potential association with PCOS an area of significant research interest. Dysregulation of these elements may exacerbate oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and chronic low-grade inflammation, all of which are key factors in PCOS development. This case-control study aims to explore the association between trace element levels and PCOS in women, assessing their potential role in disease progression and metabolic complications. By identifying specific trace element imbalances in PCOS patients, this research may provide insights into novel therapeutic strategies and dietary interventions for improving disease management [1].

Description

Trace elements are essential for maintaining homeostasis and regulating enzymatic activities, immune responses, and oxidative stress mechanisms. In the context of PCOS, alterations in trace element concentrations have been hypothesized to influence metabolic and reproductive function. Zinc, for instance, is critical for insulin signaling and has been shown to have insulin-sensitizing effects, potentially mitigating one of the core metabolic disturbances in PCOS. Deficiencies in zinc have been linked to increased oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which contribute to PCOS pathophysiology. Similarly, selenium, a key component of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, plays a protective role against oxidative damage and may help in reducing inflammation in PCOS patients. Reduced selenium levels have been observed in women with PCOS, suggesting a potential link between selenium deficiency and metabolic dysfunction [2].

Copper and iron, on the other hand, are involved in various metabolic pathways but may contribute to PCOS when present in excess. Elevated copper levels have been associated with increased oxidative stress and hyper androgens, which can exacerbate PCOS symptoms. Excess iron accumulation, particularly in the form of ferritin, has been implicated in insulin resistance and chronic inflammation, further worsening metabolic outcomes in PCOS patients. Magnesium, another essential trace element, is known for its role in glucose metabolism and muscle function. Studies have suggested that magnesium deficiency is common in women with PCOS and may contribute to insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The interplay between these trace elements and PCOS suggests a complex network of metabolic and hormonal interactions, warranting further investigation into their precise roles in disease manifestation [3].

This case-control study involved recruiting women diagnosed with PCOS based on the Rotterdam criteria and age-matched healthy controls. Blood samples were collected to measure trace element concentrations using advanced spectrophotometric and atomic absorption spectrometry techniques. Metabolic parameters, including fasting glucose, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profiles, and inflammatory markers, were also assessed to examine correlations between trace element levels and metabolic dysfunction in PCOS patients. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine significant differences between the PCOS and control groups, adjusting for potential confounding factors such as diet, BMI, and lifestyle habits [4].

Preliminary findings indicate that women with PCOS exhibit significant alterations in trace element levels compared to healthy controls. Zinc and selenium levels were found to be lower in PCOS patients, reinforcing their potential protective role against oxidative stress and metabolic disturbances. Conversely, elevated copper and iron levels were observed, suggesting a possible link between excess oxidative stress and insulin resistance. Magnesium deficiency was also prevalent among PCOS participants, further supporting its role in glucose metabolism and cardiovascular health. These findings align with previous studies highlighting the importance of trace elements in modulating PCOS pathophysiology. The study also explored potential mechanisms through which these trace elements may influence hormone regulation, inflammation, and metabolic homeostasis, emphasizing the need for targeted dietary and supplement-based interventions. Despite promising results, several challenges remain in establishing a definitive causal relationship between trace elements and PCOS. Factors such as dietary intake, genetic predisposition, and environmental exposures may influence trace element levels, complicating interpretations of their role in disease development. Additionally, while supplementation with specific trace elements has shown potential benefits in improving metabolic and hormonal parameters in PCOS patients, further research is needed to determine optimal dosages, long-term effects, and individual variability in response. Future studies should focus on longitudinal investigations and interventional trials to assess whether correcting trace element imbalances can improve clinical outcomes in PCOS patients. Integrating trace element analysis into routine clinical assessments may offer a more comprehensive approach to PCOS management, allowing for personalized nutritional and therapeutic strategies [5].

Conclusion

In conclusion, this case-control study highlights a significant association between trace element imbalances and PCOS, suggesting that deficiencies in zinc, selenium, and magnesium, along with elevated copper and iron levels, may contribute to disease pathophysiology. These findings underscore the potential role of trace elements in metabolic and hormonal regulation, providing a foundation for future research into dietary and supplementation-based interventions. While current evidence supports the importance of maintaining optimal trace element levels for PCOS management, further large-scale studies are needed to establish causality and develop targeted therapeutic strategies. Addressing trace element deficiencies and excesses through personalized nutrition and supplementation may offer a promising avenue for improving metabolic health and overall well-being in women with PCOS.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict Of Interest

None.

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