Insights on Canine and Human Prostate Cancer Variants their Molecular Similarities and Distinctions

Emmie Feldmann^*
*Correspondence: Emmie Feldmann, Department of Science, University of Toronto, Canada, Email:

Introduction

Canine prostate cancer is a type of cancer that affects the prostate gland in male dogs. The prostate gland is located near the bladder and is responsible for producing and secreting fluid that helps transport sperm during ejaculation. Prostate cancer in dogs is relatively rare, but it can occur in both intact and neutered males, with intact males being at higher risk. Some of the symptoms of prostate cancer in dogs include difficulty urinating, blood in the urine or semen, straining to defecate, and decreased appetite or weight loss.

Diagnosis of canine prostate cancer usually involves a combination of physical examination, blood tests, imaging tests (such as ultrasound or X-rays), and biopsy. Treatment options may include surgery to remove the prostate gland, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy. However, the effectiveness of these treatments can vary depending on the stage of the cancer and the dog's overall health [1-3]. It is important for dog owners to be aware of the signs of prostate cancer and to take their dog to the veterinarian for regular checkups and screenings, especially as they get older. Early detection and treatment can increase the chances of a successful outcome.

Description

Prostate cancer is a complex disease, and there are several different types or variants of prostate cancer. Some of the most common variants include:

Acinar adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of prostate cancer, accounting for about 95% of all cases. It originates from the glandular cells of the prostate and typically grows slowly.

Ductal adenocarcinoma: This type of prostate cancer is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all cases. It originates from the cells that line the ducts of the prostate and tends to grow more quickly than acinar adenocarcinoma.

Small cell carcinoma: This is a rare and aggressive form of prostate cancer that typically does not respond well to traditional prostate cancer treatments [4,5].

Neuroendocrine tumors: These are rare tumors that arise from the hormone-producing cells of the prostate. They are often aggressive and may not respond well to traditional prostate cancer treatments.

Sarcomatoid carcinoma: This is a rare and aggressive form of prostate cancer that arises from the connective tissue of the prostate. Similarities: Both CPC and HPC arise from glandular epithelial cells of the prostate gland.

They have similar histological features, including the presence of glandular structures and the potential to invade surrounding tissues.

The molecular pathways involved in the development and progression of CPC and HPC are similar, including the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and TP53 pathway.

Both CPC and HPC are hormone-dependent and can be treated with androgen deprivation therapy.

The genetic alterations associated with CPC and HPC are comparable, including mutations in TP53, PTEN, and AR genes.

Differences: CPC and HPC have different epidemiological and clinical characteristics. For example, CPC tends to affect older dogs, while HPC is more common in older men.

The incidence and prevalence of CPC are lower than HPC.

The molecular and genetic alterations associated with CPC and HPC are not identical. For example, a high prevalence of PTEN mutations has been reported in HPC, while this mutation is relatively rare in CPC.

There are differences in gene expression profiles between CPC and HPC, indicating that different genes and pathways may be involved in the development and progression of these cancers.

The response to treatment and prognosis of CPC and HPC may differ, with some treatments that are effective in HPC, such as immunotherapy, not yet established in CPC.

Overall, while CPC and HPC share several molecular similarities, there are also important differences that reflect the unique characteristics of these cancers in dogs and humans.

Conclusion

It is important to note that prostate cancer is a complex disease, and different patients may have different subtypes or variants of the disease. Your doctor can provide you with more information about the specific type of prostate cancer that you may have and the best treatment options for your individual case. Canine prostate cancer (CPC) and human prostate cancer (HPC) share several molecular similarities and differences.

References

1. Kremer, Celeste L., Rob R. Klein, Jenny Mendelson and Walden Browne, et al. "Expression of mTOR signaling pathway markers in prostate cancer progression." Prostate 66 (2006): 1203-1212.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

2. Rivera-Calderón, Luis G., Carlos E. Fonseca-Alves, Priscila E. Kobayashi and Márcio Carvalho, et al. "p-mTOR, p-4EBP-1 and eIF4E expression in canine prostatic carcinoma." Res Vet Sci 122 (2019): 86-92.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

3. Shorning, Boris Y., Manisha S. Dass, Matthew J. Smalley and Helen B. Pearson. "The PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and prostate cancer: At the crossroads of AR, MAPK, and WNT signaling." Int J Mol Sci 21 (2020): 4507.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

4. Buchanan, Grant, Carmela Ricciardelli, Jonathan M. Harris and Jennifer Prescott, et al. "Control of androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer by the cochaperone small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat containing protein α." Cancer Res 67 (2007): 10087-10096.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at

5. Schweizer, Michael T., Emmanuel S. Antonarakis, Hao Wang and A. Seun Ajiboye, et al. "Effect of bipolar androgen therapy for asymptomatic men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: Results from a pilot clinical study." Sci Transl Med 7 (2015): 269ra2-269ra2.

Google Scholar, Crossref, Indexed at