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Journal of Bioengineering & Biomedical Science

ISSN: 2155-9538

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Protein Modifications

Post-translational modification (PTM) refers to the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins after protein biosynthesis. Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes translating mRNA into polypeptide chains, which can then undergo PTM to form the mature protein product. PTMs are important components of cell signaling, such as when prohormones are converted to hormones. Post-translational modifications can occur on the side chains of amino acids or at the C or N termini of the protein. They can extend the chemical repertoire of the 20 standard amino acids by modifying an existing functional group or by introducing a new one such as phosphate. Phosphorylation is a very common mechanism for regulating the activity of enzymes and is the most common post-translational modification. Many eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins also have carbohydrate molecules attached to them in a process called glycosylation, which can promote protein folding and improve stability and regulatory functions. Binding of lipid molecules, known as lipidation, often targets a protein or part of a protein attached to the cell membrane.

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