Edward Lambert, Hooman Majd Rahbar*, Sofia Angarski , Elaheh Moradi, and Mehdi Vahidi
Nowadays, the importance of artificial intelligence design is in the priorities of research centers, companies and researchers in order to prevent human error, increase accuracy in diagnosis, rapidly action and also industrial automation. The role of artificial intelligence on the advancement of technology, industry, etc. Nobody is hidden from anyone. Satisfactory performance of all organs of the body depends on their capacity to consume oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide. Although there are different types of lung diseases, each of these diseases has its own characteristics and causes unpleasant changes in the branches of the lungs. The diagnosis of lung disease as the fourth leading cause of death before the advent of COVID 19 has long been important for humans. Accurate detection of abnormalities in medical images (such as X-rays and CT scans) is a challenge due to blurred images at the border, different sizes, variable shapes, and uneven density. In this study, by converting images obtained from medical imaging device, CT scan and converting it into cloud points, through three-dimensional modeling and analysis, by comparing the changes of physical factors between healthy people and lung patients, factors such as: Force, air flow, pressure, resistance, as well as the amount of changes in CO2 in the inhale and exhale, the type of disease, and the severity of lung disease are determined. Clinical studies have been performed on 480 CT scan files prepared from lung patients for simulation and analysis to achieve better results. Finally, it provides physicians with information about the type and severity of the disease, the latest treatments suggested by other physicians, available medications, and approved protocols online in order to expedite the better treatment process.
DOI: DOI: 10.37421/2155-9538.2022.12.306
DOI: DOI: 10.37421/2155-9538.2022.12.307
DOI: DOI: 10.37421/2155-9538.2022.12.308
Xiao Wang
Abstract
Background
Patients with unmerited first venous thromboembolism (VTE) are at a high danger of repeat. Albeit coursing microRNAs (miRNAs) have been seen as related with VTE and are markers of hypercoagulability, this examination is the first to inspect in the case of circling miRNAs are related with the danger of VTE repeat.
Results
A settled case-control study configuration was utilized where plasma tests were acquired from 78 patients with unjustifiable VTE from the Malmö Thrombophilia Study (MATS). An aggregate of 39 VTE patients with intermittent VTE (cases) were coordinated with 39 VTE patients without repetitive VTE (controls) characterized by age and sex (MATS populace). Plasma levels of 179 distinctive miRNAs were assessed in the 78 examples (after anticoagulant treatment was quit) utilizing qPCR. An aggregate of 110 miRNAs were identified in all examples. Among those, 12 miRNAs (miR-15b-5p, miR-106a-5p, miR-197-3p, miR-652-3p, miR-361-5p, miR-222-3p, miR-26b-5p, miR-532-5p, miR-27b-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-103a-3p, and miR-30c-5p) were seen as related with intermittent VTE after numerous rectification test and restrictive calculated relapse examination. A further examination demonstrated that miR-15b-5p, miR-197-3p, miR-27b-3p, and miR-30c-5p showed a pattern after some time, with a bigger distinction in miRNA levels among cases and controls for prior repeat. Of these 12 miRNAs, 8 miRNAs fundamentally corresponded with flowing changing development factor β1/2 (TGFβ1/2). Three of them corresponded with platelet tally.
Conclusion
We have distinguished 12 plasma miRNAs that may can possibly fill in as novel, non-intrusive prescient biomarkers for VTE repeat
Background
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the third most normal cardiovascular malady with an expected yearly occurrence pace of 100–200 occasions for every 100,000 people [1,2,3]. The most extreme appearance of VTE is deadly aspiratory embolism (PE) with a yearly occurrence pace of 2–4 occasions for every 100,000 people [4]. VTE is a ceaseless malady with a repeat danger of up to 20% inside 3 years [5]. Intermittent VTE can be deadly in 10–20% of cases [6]. Patients with an unwarranted VTE (without a distinguished major clinical hazard factor, for example, late medical procedure or injury, female hormone treatment or pregnancy, or malignancies) have a higher danger of repeat after stopping of anticoagulation treatment contrasted and those patients with an incited VTE [5, 7]. Long haul anticoagulation treatment, after the underlying VTE, may forestall the repeat however broadened anticoagulation treatment may expand the danger of draining confusions including lethal intracranial discharge [6, 8]. Along these lines, it is critical to distinguish the patients, with a high danger of repeat, who might profit most from ceaseless anticoagulant treatment. There are various distinguished hazard factors identified with intermittent VTE, for example, unjustifiable VTE, raised D-dimer levels, male sex, stoutness, thrombophilia, and family ancestry of VTE [9,10,11,12,13]. There is presently an accord with respect to the ideal term of anticoagulation treatment after a ridiculous VTE occasion. The treatment decision is between a brief term of 3–6 months and an all-encompassing span. Clinical forecast rules have been created to help in this decision yet the capacity of such guidelines to foresee draining gives off an impression of being low [14, 15]. In this way, better novel biomarkers for forecast of repetitive VTE hazard could be of worth.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, endogenous, and non-coding single-abandoned RNAs that hinder quality articulation by advancing delegate RNA (mRNA) debasement or restraining interpretation [16]. miRNAs have been appeared to assume basic jobs in different organic procedures during advancement and tissue homeostasis by managing the declaration of roughly 90% of every single human quality [17]. Most of miRNAs are communicated intracellularly. Be that as it may, various miRNAs have been distinguished in the extracellular space, including blood and other body liquids [18]. Circling miRNAs can be discharged from cells into the blood in various manners, e.g., encased in exosomes or related with proteins [19, 20]. They are impervious to nuclease assimilation and can be estimated reproducibly, which makes flowing miRNAs appealing as likely biomarkers for maladies. Over the previous decade, circling miRNAs, as expected biomarkers, have been reported in numerous ailments, for example, malignant growth, mental infections, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular breakdown [21,22,23,24,25]. Nonetheless, there is just restricted proof on conceivably modified flowing miRNA levels in VTE. As far as anyone is concerned, just a couple of studies have examined the relationship between circling miRNAs and unmerited VTE [25,26,27,28,29]. Wang et al. discovered that miR-424-5p is expanded in patients with intense venous apoplexy and that it is associated with a marker of hypercoagulability (D-dimer and APC-PCI complex) [25]. Up to this point, nonetheless, no outcomes in regards to miRNA articulation in intermittent VTE patients have been accounted for.
The current examination utilized information from an imminent populace based investigation directed in the south of Sweden; Malmö Thrombophilia Study (MATS) [30, 31]. In this investigation, the outflow of plasma miRNAs was estimated in 39 patients with repetitive VTE (cases) and 39 with non-intermittent VTE (controls) fourteen days after cessation of anticoagulation. We theorized that particular miRNAs articulation profile could be utilized to recognize patients at high and generally safe of repeat. In this way, our point was to research the relationship between flowing miRNAs and the danger of VTE repeat.
Results
Patients’ characteristics
Cases were the individuals who were determined to have intermittent VTE during the subsequent period, while controls were those without repetitive VTE. The mean age was 65.3 years for cases and 65.1 years for controls. An aggregate of 67% of the members with intermittent VTE had thrombophilia contrasted and 41% of the members without repetitive VTE (p = 0.09). There was no critical contrast between the two gatherings in weight record (BMI), term of anticoagulant treatment, smoking status, and family ancestry, which was characterized as a past filled with VTE in first-degree family members (kin, child/little girl, or parent).
Reference:
1. Vickers KC, Palmisano BT, Shoucri BM, Shamburek RD, Remaley AT.MicroRNAs are transported in plasma and delivered to recipient cells byhigh-density lipoproteins. Nat Cell Biol. 2011;13(4):423–33.
2. Zampetaki A, Kiechl S, Drozdov I, Willeit P, Mayr U, Prokopi M, et al. PlasmamicroRNA profiling reveals loss of endothelial miR-126 and othermicroRNAs in type 2 diabetes. Circ Res. 2010;107(6):810–7.
3.Mitchell PS, Parkin RK, Kroh EM, Fritz BR, Wyman SK, Pogosova-AgadjanyanEL, et al. Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancerdetection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(30):10513–8.
4.Tijsen AJ, Creemers EE, Moerland PD, de Windt LJ, van der Wal AC, Kok WE,et al. MiR423-5p as a circulating biomarker for heart failure. Circ Res. 2010;106(6):1035–9.
5.Wang X, Sundquist K, Hedelius A, Palmer K, Memon AA, Sundquist J.Circulating microRNA-144-5p is associated with depressive disorders. ClinEpigenetics. 2015;7(1):69.
6.Cieslik J, Mrozinska S, Broniatowska E, Undas A. Altered plasma clotproperties increase the risk of recurrent deep vein thrombosis: a cohortstudy. Blood. 2017
7.Tritschler T, Limacher A, Mean M, Rodondi N, Aujesky D. Usefulness of Ddimertesting in predicting recurrence in elderly patients with unprovokedvenous thromboembolism. Am J Med. 2017;130(10):1221–4.
Note: This work is partly presented in 14th Global Biomarkers SummitOctober18-19,2018 | Amsterdam, Netherlands
Changchun Du
Background
One of the components by which tumors sidestep safe observation is through shedding of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain-related protein An and B (MICA/B) from their cell surface. MICA/B are ligands for the initiating receptor NKG2D on NK and CD8 T cells. This shedding diminishes cell surface degrees of MICA/B and impedes NKG2D acknowledgment. Shed MICA/B can likewise veil NKG2D receptor and is thought to prompt NKG2D disguise, further trading off immune observation by NK cells.
Methods
We confined human essential NK cells from ordinary contributors and tried the suppressive action of dissolvable recombinant MICA in vitro. Using a board of novel enemy of MICA antibodies, we further inspected the stimulatory exercises of against MICA antibodies that turned around the suppressive impacts of dissolvable MICA.
Results
We show that suppressive impacts of dissolvable MICA (sMICA) on NK cell cytolytic movement was not because of the down-guideline of cell surface NKG2D. Within the sight of a α3 space explicit MICA immune response, which didn't impede NKG2D official, sMICA-interceded NK cell concealment was totally turned around. Inversion of NK cell hindrance by sMICA was intervened by resistant complex arrangement that anguished NKG2D flagging. Besides, this therapeutic action was reliant on immunizer Fc effector work as the acquaintance of Fc changes with repeal Fc receptor restricting neglected to switch sMICA-intervened NK cell concealment. Moreover, MICA resistant buildings preformed with a α3 space explicit counter acting agent (containing a wild-type Fc) initiated IFN-γ and TNF-α emission by NK cells without malignant growth cells, while MICA insusceptible edifices preformed with the Fc effectorless immune response neglected to incite IFN-γ and TNF-α discharge. At long last, we exhibited that MICA invulnerable buildings framed with the α3 area explicit counter acting agent actuates NKG2D on NK cells prompting the arrival of IFN-γ.
Conclusions
Our outcomes show that a α3 space explicit MICA counter acting agent can go around sMICA-intervened concealment of NK cell cytolytic action. Besides, our information recommend that MICA safe buildings framed with α3-explicit antibodies can actuate NKG2D receptor and reestablish NK cell work in a Fc-subordinate way. The clinical utility of α3 area explicit MICA/B antibodies may hold incredible guarantee as another methodology for malignant growth immunotherapy.
Background
Natural killer (NK) cells are a significant insusceptible cell populace adding to hostile to viral and against tumor safe reactions . Their action is firmly controlled by a battery of stimulatory and inhibitory receptors. Normal killer group 2-part D (NKG2D) is one of the very much described actuating receptors . NKG2D is a sort II transmembrane, homo-dimeric receptor communicated on the outside of practically all human NK cells, CD8 αβ+ T cells, γδ T cells, and NKT cells. Ligand commitment of the NKG2D receptor triggers a powerful intracellular flagging course by means of the connector DAP10, prompting cytokine emission and cytolysis of target cells.
A large group of NKG2D receptor ligands have been distinguished, including the MHC class I chain related atoms An and B (MICA/B) and the HCMV glycoprotein UL16-restricting protein family particles (ULBPs) . MICA and MICB are cell surface glycoproteins encoded by two exceptionally polymorphic qualities, that live in the human HLA class I locus. The extracellular part of MICA/B contains a tripartite space course of action with layer distal α1/α2 areas collaborating with NKG2D and a film proximal α3 space . The statement of MICA/B is missing on most ordinary tissues, yet is unequivocally prompted by cell stress conditions, including viral diseases and cell change because of DNA harm . The job of the MICA/B-NKG2D signal hub in tumor safe observation has been all around archived . In people, NKG2D commitment by cell layer bound MICA/B has been appeared to enact NK cells, γδ T cells and co-invigorate CD8 αβ + T cells in vitro . In mice, tumor cells designed to ectopically communicate murine NKG2D ligands Rae1b or H60 are significantly dismissed in invulnerable capable mice through NK cell and CD8 T cell interceded systems . On the other hand, unconstrained tumor improvement in hereditarily designed mouse models of prostate malignant growth and B cell lymphomas are quickened in NKG2D-inadequate mice , mirroring the basic job of the NKG2D pathway in disease immunosurveillance.
To escape NKG2D-intervened safe reconnaissance, it is guessed that tumors proteolytically shed MICA/B from the phone surface. On the side of this thought, shed MICA/B can be found in sera of patients with a wide range of disease types, including prostate , colon , pancreatic carcinoma and various myeloma . Shed MICA/B has been theorized to hose the host insusceptible reaction principally by instigating the down-guideline of cell surface NKG2D and destabilizing CD3ζ in the TCR/CD3 complex on CD8 T cells . Given the mounting proof of shed MICA/B in safe concealment, MICA/B is at present being explored as a possible objective for disease immunotherapy. As the primary trace of clinical pertinence, Jiushi et al. announced that a melanoma persistent getting a blend treatment of hostile to CTLA-4 immune response and autologous tumor cell immunization discharging GM-CSF created auto-antibodies against shed MICA joined by a decrease of serum MICA levels . Moreover, treatment-prompted hostile to MICA antibodies were exhibited to switch in vitro concealment of NK cells instigated by solvent MICA. What's more, it has been accounted for that organization of a non-blocking monoclonal counter acting agent explicit to shed MICA/B alongside an enemy of CTLA-4 immunizer synergistically helps hostile to tumor insusceptible reaction and mitigates against CTLA-4 instigated colitis in a hereditarily designed model of unconstrained prostate malignant growth, TRAMP (Transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate) when reproduced onto a MICA transgenic foundation . As of late Ferrari de Andrade et al. indicated that antibodies explicit to the α3 area of MICA square MICA/B shedding, subsequently reestablishing cell surface MICA/B articulation in vitro and hindering the development of murine syngeneic tumors over-communicating full-length MICA in a NK cell-subordinate style .
In spite of the fact that collecting proof focuses to the remedial capability of hostile to MICA antibodies in preclinical creature models, the fundamental instrument of against MICA antibodies remains inadequately portrayed. In the present examination, we analyzed the natural effect of hostile to MICA antibodies within the sight of immunosuppressive solvent MIC proteins. We exhibit that dissolvable MICA structures buildings with a α3 area explicit enemy of MICA immune response. Hostile to MICA safe edifices turned around the immunosuppressive exercises of solvent MICA by initiating NKG2D through a Fc receptor-subordinate instrument. In like manner, preformed against MICA invulnerable buildings containing wild-type Fc effector work initiated IFN-γ and TNF-α emission by NK cells without tumor cells. Our examination uncovers an expected helpful system of hostile to MICA/B antibodies in the clinical setting. The clinical utility of restorative α3 space explicit MICA/B immunizer may hold incredible guarantee as another procedure for disease immunotherapy.
Methods
Cell lines
HMy2.C1R (alluded as C1R) (ATCC CRL-1993), a human B lymphoblast cell line, was transfected with the coding arrangement of MICA*002 allele and utilized as target cells. Parental C1R or MICA*002-communicating (C1R-MICA*002) and essential human NK cells were refined in RPMI-1640 media enhanced with 10% fetal ox-like serum (FBS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 50 U/mL penicillin, 50 μg/mL streptomycin (Life Technologies), 2 mM glutamine (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and 1x unimportant amino acids (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and 14.3 mM β-mercaptoethanol (Sigma).
Recombinant proteins
MICA*002 extracellular space (MICA-ECD) was communicated and filtered as recently portrayed [22]. Recombinant human NKG2D-Fc, and TGF-β1 were bought from R&D Systems. Goat hostile to human IgG Fcγ piece explicit immunizer was gotten from Jackson Immuno Research.
Antibodies and cytokines
For FACS analysis anti to NKG2D antibodies (clones 5C6 (rat IgG2b) and clone 1D11(mouse IgG1)), rodent IgG2b isotype control, mouse IgG1 isotype control, recombinant human IL-2, against human Fc, and hostile to mouse IgG Fc were acquired from (eBioscience), and human Fc obstruct from BioLegend. Hostile to human CD56 allophycocyanin (APC) (clone HCD56) and 7-Aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) were bought from BD Biosciences. Unlabeled mouse hostile to human MICA (clone AMO1, mouse IgG1) was gained from MBL International. Mouse hostile to MICA antibodies (clones 5E10, 7G10 and 6E1) were produced by vaccinating BALB/c mice as portrayed [22], and organized to human IgG1 delusions (wild-type Fc and N297G effector-less). Human IgG1 control immune response and mouse hostile to human NKG2D immunizer (clone 26F3, mouse IgG1) were created at Genentech.
Primary human NK cells
Peripheral blood tests were gathered from Genentech sound contributor program. The entirety of the blood gift methodology, enlistment materials, and structures were audited and affirmed by Genentech institutional survey board. To disengage essential human NK cells, fringe blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were first segregated from the blood tests of solid contributors by thickness angle centrifugation utilizing Ficoll-Paque PLUS media (GE Health Care), and new NK cells were secluded by negative choice utilizing NK cell disconnection pack II (Miltenyi Biotec). NKG2D articulation on NK cells was identified by hostile to NKG2D (1D11) utilizing FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences), and information were broke down by FlowJo v10 (Tree Star). For NK cell cytolytic investigations, new NK cells were utilized following seclusion; for NKG2D down-guideline tests, NK cells were refined within the sight of 10 ng/mL IL-2 at 37 °C with 5% CO2 for 24 h.
NK cytolytic activity assay
Parental C1R and C1R-MICA*002 cells were first washed with RPMI-1640 media. New NK cells were co-refined with the parental C1R or C1R-MICA*002 cells (target cells) at 10 to 1 proportion at 37 °C with 5% CO2 for 4 h.
To explore whether dissolvable MICA smothers NK cell work, NK cells were pre-hatched with 5 μM MICA-ECD at 4 °C for 4 h, trailed by co-culture with target cells for 4 h. To survey target cell murdering, co-refined cells were collected and hindered with human FcR square, trailed by recoloring with 7-AAD and hostile to CD56–APC in PBS/2 mM EDTA/0.5%FBS, and the examples of various medicines were broke down by stream cytometry. C1R or C1R-MICA*002 cells were recognized as CD56− populaces; NK cytolytic action was characterized as the recurrence of 7AAD+CD56− in the CD56− target cell populace. To explore the effect of hostile to MICA immunizer treatment on the suppressive movement of MICA-ECD, against MICA counter acting agent (human IgG1 clones 5E10, 7G10 and 6E1) were added at 2.5 μM to the NK and C1R-MICA*002 cell co-societies. To preform MICA-ECD safe complex (MICA-IC), MICA-ECD and hostile to MICA counter acting agent were blended at 2 to 1 M proportion in complete RPMI-1640 medium, and hatched at 37 °C for 30 min. To address whether Fc effector work was required for MICA invulnerable complex-interceded NK murdering action, hIgG1 wildtype and N297G freak types of MICA neutralizer (clone 6E1) were utilized.
NKG2D down-regulation assay
New human NK cells were hatched with MICA-ECD (5 μM) or TGF-β1 (2 ng/mL) within the sight of 10 ng/mL IL-2 for 24 h at 37 °C with 5% CO2. NK cells were collected and pre-brooded with human Fc square, trailed by recoloring with an enemy of NKG2D immune response (26F3, mouse IgG1); hostile to NKG2D restricting was distinguished by against mouse IgG auxiliary neutralizer and NKG2D articulation was looked at among all treatment conditions. To recognize an enemy of NKG2D neutralizer that doesn't contend with sMICA for NKG2D official, NK cells were pre-hatched with or without 5 μM MICA-ECD, trailed by against NKG2D PE (5C6 or 1D11) or hostile to NKG2D mIgG1 (26F3) authoritative and identified by against mouse IgG Fc PE.
Anti-MICA mAb and hNKG2D-Fc binding competition assay
To examine whether hostile to MICA mAbs (5E10, 7G10 and 6E1) rival NKG2D for layer bound MICA authoritative, C1R-MICA*002 cells were first rewarded with Fc square and afterward brooded with 5 μg/mL human NKG2D-Fc within the sight of expanding measures of against MICA antibodies for 30 min at 4 °C. Human NKG2D-Fc restricting was identified by hostile to human Fc auxiliary neutralizer by stream cytometric examination.
Tumor-free NK cell activation assay
MICA-immune complex (MICA-IC) was framed by blending MICA-ECD with hostile to MICA 6E1 (human IgG1 wildtype or Fc freak N297G) (5 μM MICA-ECD and 2.5 μM 6E1) in complete RPMI1640 media, at 37 °C for 30 min. New human NK cells were included (100,000 cells/well) and hatched with preformed-MICA-IC within the sight of 10 ng/mL IL-2. Supernatant examples were collected at day 6 for IFN-γ and TNF-α discharge examined utilizing Luminex xMAP stage (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
For plate-bound MICA-IC incitement, level base 96-well tissue culture plates (Costar) were pre-covered with goat hostile to human IgG Fcγ-explicit Ab at 100 μg/mL in PBS over night at 4 °C. MICA-IC was created as above, and sequentially weakened. Covered plates were washed with PBS, and MICA-IC and NK cells (100,000 cells/well) were included and refined within the sight of 10 ng/mL IL-2. Supernatant examples were gathered for IFN-γ investigation at day 6 utilizing Luminex xMAP stage (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed utilizing GraphPad Prism, p-values were produced by unpaired t test.
Results
Shed MICA/B-intervened hindrance of NKG2D initiation on NK and CD8 T cells has been all around reported. So as to set up an in vitro cell culture framework to analyze the impacts of sMICA on essential human NK cells, we produced a human C1R cell line that ectopically communicated full-length human MICA*002 (C1R-MICA*002). We picked the C1R human B lymphoblast cell line since it comes up short on the statement of endogenous MICA/B and is inadequate for most MHC-I proteins. MICA*002 is a typical MICA allele with around 27% commonness in European-American populace [23]. Cell surface articulation of MICA on C1R-MICA*002 cells was affirmed by the authoritative of recombinant human NKG2D-Fc (Fig. 1a). Human NK cells were segregated from solid benefactors and NKG2D articulation was affirmed by recoloring with the counter NKG2D immune response (clone 1D11) (Fig. 1b). To inspect the impact of sMICA on NK cell cytolytic movement, new NK cells were co-refined with C1R-MICA*002 cells for 4 h at a 10 to 1 effector to target proportion in the nearness or nonappearance of recombinant MICA-ECD (5 μM). As opposed to the parental C1R control, which initiated around 15% objective cell executing, C1R-MICA*002 cells actuated roughly 40% cytolytic action (Fig. 1c). Cytolytic movement was estimated by inspecting 7-AAD take-up on track cells by stream cytometric investigation (Additional record 1: Figure S1). Increased cytolytic movement prompted by C1R-MICA*002 was apparently due to NKG2D receptor commitment on NK cells by MICA communicated on the cell surface of C1R cells. We at that point solicited whether the expansion from MICA-ECD stifles NK cell intervened target murdering. True to form, MICA-ECD decreased NK cell executing to a level similar to that found in the murdering of parental C1R cell line (Fig. 1c). sMICA-interceded concealment of NK cell cytolytic movement bolstered the thought that shed MICA stifles NKG2D-intervened NK cell killing.
Reference:
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3.Billadeau DD, Upshaw JL, Schoon RA, Dick CJ, Leibson PJ. NKG2D-DAP10 triggers human NK cell–mediated killing via a Syk-independent regulatory pathway. Nat Immunol. 2003;4:557–64.
4.Bauer S, Groh V, Wu J, Steinle A, Phillips JH, Lanier LL, et al. Activation of NK cells and T cells by NKG2D, a receptor for stress-inducible MICA. Science. 1999;285:727–9
5.Cosman D, Müllberg J, Sutherland CL, Chin W, Armitage R, Fanslow W, et al. ULBPs, novel MHC class I–related molecules, bind to CMV glycoprotein UL16 and stimulate NK cytotoxicity through the NKG2D receptor. Immunity. 2001;14:123–33.
6.Li P, Morris DL, Willcox BE, Steinle A, Spies T, Strong RK. Complex structure of the activating immunoreceptor NKG2D and its MHC class I–like ligand MICA. Nat Immunol. 2001;2:443–51.
7.Groh V, Rhinehart R, Randolph-Habecker J, Topp MS, Riddell SR, Spies T. Costimulation of CD8αβ T cells by NKG2D via engagement by MIC induced on virus-infected cells. Nat Immunol. 2001;2:255–60.
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Note: This work is partly presented in Euro Oncology Summit October 18-19, 2018 Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Marjut Niinivirta
Patients with metastatic renal cell malignant growth (mRCC) are regularly rewarded with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) sunitinib and sorafenib. No prescient marker is accessible to choose patients who will pick up from these medicines. Tumoral pyruvate kinase L/R (PKLR) is a layer protein with exceptionally explicit articulation in the renal tubule. We have recently demonstrated that the tumoral articulation of cubilin is related with movement free endurance (PFS) in mRCC patients rewarded with sunitinib and sorafenib and in the current examination; we researched if PKLR can foresee reaction in these patients. The declaration of PKLR was broke down in tumor tissue from a companion of patients with mRCC (n=139) utilizing immunohistochemistry. One hundred and thirty-six (136) of these patients were treated with sunitinib or sorafenib in the first or second-line setting. Thirty were blue-penciled on account of early harmfulness prompting the end of treatment. The rest of the patients (n=106) were chosen for the present examination. Fifty-five (52%) of the tumors communicated membranous PKLR. Patients with PKLR tumor articulation encountered a fundamentally longer PFS contrasted with patients with no articulation (eight versus five months, p=0.019). Moreover, the consolidated articulation of PKLR and cubilin brought about a higher prescient incentive than PKLR alone. We show that tumoral PKLR film articulation is a positive prescient biomarker for sunitinib and sorafenib treatment in patients experiencing mRCC. Our outcomes likewise show that the joined articulation with cubilin more precisely than PKLR alone can choose patients with no advantage from treatment.
Background
Treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) like sunitinib and sorafenib has improved the forecast of patients with metastatic renal cell disease (mRCC). No prescient marker is accessible to choose patients who will pick up from these medicines. Tumoral pyruvate kinase L/R (PKLR) is a layer protein with profoundly explicit articulation in the renal tubule. We have recently indicated that the tumoral articulation of cubilin (CUBN) is related with movement free endurance (PFS) in mRCC patients rewarded with sunitinib and sorafenib. The point of the current examination was to explore if PKLR can foresee reaction in these patients, alone or potentially in mix with CUBN.
Methods
A tissue microarray (TMA) was built of tumor tests from 139 mRCC patients. One hundred and thirty-six of these patients had been treated with sunitinib or sorafenib in the first or second-line setting. Thirty patients experienced early serious poisonousness prompting the end of treatment. The rest of the patients (n=106) were chosen for the present investigation.
Results
A tissue microarray (TMA) was built of tumor tests from 139 mRCC patients. One hundred and thirty-six of these patients had been treated with sunitinib or sorafenib in the first or second-line setting. Thirty patients experienced early serious poisonousness prompting the end of treatment. The rest of the patients (n=106) were chosen for the present investigation.
Conclusions
In this genuine examination we show that tumoral PKLR layer articulation is a positive prescient biomarker for sunitinib and sorafenib treatment in patients experiencing mRCC. Our outcomes additionally demonstrate that the consolidated articulation with cubilin more precisely than PKLR alone can choose patients with no advantage from treatment.
References
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2.Negrier S, Escudier B, Lasset C, Douillard JY, Savary J, Chevreau C. et al. Recombinant human interleukin-2, recombinant human interferon alfa-2a, or both in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. Groupe Francais d'Immunotherapie. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1272–8.
3.Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Sunitinib versus Interferon Alfa in Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma. The New England Journal of Medicine; 2007. pp. 115–24.
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Note: This work is partly presented in 14th Global Biomarkers SummitOctober18-19,2018 | Amsterdam, Netherlands
Samroot Samreen Wani
ABSTARCT
The purpose of this study to assess the quantity of E-waste generation and its management in India along with the financial assesment of the e-watse in Delhi, the capital of India if recycled in a formal way. Due to rapid increase in urbanization and industrialization, the generation of E-waste has also increased at a very fast rate. Due to presence of deadly chemicals and toxic materials in the electronic items, the safe disposal of E waste is becoming a nightmare for humans and environment. Globally only 15-20% of E-waste is recycled while the rest will be dumped in developing countries like India, china and Nigeria. A current estimate of E-waste growth in India is exponential. Informal sector accounts for 95% recycling of E-waste while 5% reaches to authorized recycler. To manage e-waste in India, a specific set of principles must be followed. It must start with avoiding e-waste generation and then followed by reduction, reusing, recycling, recovering, treatment and proper disposal of e-waste. There must be a proper conglomeration of the four primary pillars, i.e. technology, policies, legislation and administration. There are many obstacles in the way of proper e-waste management, the one main being the presence of informal sector. There is a dire need of formalization of the informal sector and introduction of the technologies with awareness and education about the e-waste to the workers and other stakeholders. A proper assessment for the quantification, characterization, dumping techniques, and impact of e-waste must be done. A proper e-waste handling and collection centers must be set up with collaboration with the private sector and the manufacturers. A take back program must be designed in an effective manner which provides incentives to the stakeholders managing the e-waste and the development of some return schemes should be done to encourage the consumers to return back the electronic and electrical devices once they reach the end of useful life for better collection and handling of e-waste. More recycling facilities must be set up in each state and a better infrastructure must be provided effectively because at this particular time, change is a must.
Over the last decades the industry has revolutionized the world: electrical and electronic merchandise became omnipresent of today's life round the planet. while not these products, trendy life wouldn't be attainable in developed and developing countries. These products ar utilized in areas like drugs, transportation, education, health, food-supply, communication, security, environmental protection and culture. In several cases, functionalities enabled ar powerfully connected with property development and with a number of the Millennium Development Goals. After use those merchandise ar discarded– generally once re-use cycles in countries totally different
from those wherever they were ab initio sold – turning into what's unremarkably known as e-waste. E-waste is sometimes thought to be a waste downside, which might cause environmental injury and
human health severe consequences if not safely managed. On the opposite hand e-waste is additional often seen as a possible supply of financial gain for people and entrepreneurs aiming at recovering the precious materials (metals in particular) contained in discarded instrumentality. Treatment processes of e-waste aim so to either take away the venturous parts andrecover the maximum amount of the most materials (e.g. metals, glass and plastics) as possible; achieving both objectives is most desired.
It has been over a decade since national and international regulative authorities began to develop policies (initiated in 1990 in Switzerland) to deal with the challenge of sound e-waste processing. Compared to ancient waste streams, e-waste handling poses anyway distinctive and complex challenges Some high technical school metals ar indispensable for flat-screen televisions, mobile phones and countless different merchandise. Antimony, cobalt, lithium, tantalum, metallic element and metal are widely used on a spread of electronic merchandise. identical cluster of hi-tech metals also are fundamental to new environmentally friendly merchandise like star panels requiring metallic element, gallium, element and atomic number 52. In several cases the industry annually uses relevant shares of primary production of those metals (if we tend to solely count electrical and equipment (EEE) this will vary from 4% of Pt to four hundred and forty yards of Copper, up to seventy two within the case of Ruthenium). On the opposite hand e-waste contains vital amounts of cyanogenic and environmentally sensitive materials and is so extraordinarily venturous to humans and therefore the setting, if not properly disposed of or recycled. The materials, that ar of principal concern with relevance environmental, and health risks embody brominated flame-retardants, cadmium, mercury or lead, to call simply a couple of. Landfills, tho' wide used for waste disposal, ar subject to unseaworthy and e-waste disposed of in landfills will leach significant metals and different cyanogenic substances like mercury, metallic element and lead into the soil, groundwater and atmosphere. Plastics create a significant environmental risk for reasons aside from toxicity, most notably thanks to the durability and longevity of fabric. Recently for a growing range of individuals utilisation and separation of e-waste became a main supply of financial gain. In most cases, though, this can be done informally, with no or hardly any health and safety standards, exposing staff and therefore the encompassing neighbourhoods to extensive health dangers also as resulting in a considerable environmental pollution. Moreover, utilisation here sometimes focuses on a couple of valuable components like gold and copper (with often poor utilisation yields), whereas most different metals ar discarded and inevitably lost.
This work is presenting at 17th World Congress and Expo on Recycling on November 09-10, 2020 at Amsterdam, Netherlands
Biography
Samroot Samreen Wani is a 25 year old budding researcher. She is a graduate in Civil Engineering and has a post graduation in Renewable Energy Engineering and Management from TERI School of Advanced Studies. Currently, she is working as a State Engagement Consultant in The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India. She was awarded RESEARCH UNDER LITERAL ACCESS (RULA) AWARD for International Innovation and Betterment Excellence in Technical Research, 2018 - OUTSTANDING RESEARCHER – THREE DIMENSIONAL TRANSPORTATION. She has three publications on her name till date.
Presenting author details
Full name: Samroot Samreen Wani
Contact number: 8527477314
Twitter account: @SamrootW
Linked In account: Samroot Samreen Wani
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Category: Poster presentation
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a simple optical measurement technique used for blood pressure and heart rate monitoring. PPG signal and its derivative contain important health-related data which is used for the detection and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. High blood pressure is a cause for various physiological changes and leads to the cause of death throughout the world. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is also an important factor for diagnosing cardiac disorders and to analysis the physiological conditions of human body. The growth of signal processing techniques, has opened the door for the development of cuff less and continuous monitoring of heart rate variability and blood pressure from the PPG signal. This article describes some of the current developments and challenges of PPG-based heart rate variability and blood pressure monitoring technologies
Journal of Bioengineering & Biomedical Science received 307 citations as per Google Scholar report
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