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Optical Biosensors | Open Access Journals
Biosensors & Bioelectronics

Biosensors & Bioelectronics

ISSN: 2155-6210

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Optical Biosensors

An optical biosensor may be a compact analytical device having a biorecognition element integrated with a transducer system. Optical biosensors emit an optical signal, which is directly proportional to the concentration of the analyte. The biorecognition elements employed by biosensors are generally biological materials, including enzymes, antibodies, antigens, receptors, nucleic acids, whole cells and tissues. Among these, optical biosensors are the most common. Optical biosensors utilize the interaction of optical fields (i.e., the electric field) with the analyte for optical detection. Optical biosensing are often performed during a label-free or label-based manner. Label-free protocols involve interaction of the analyte with the transducer for signal detection while label-based protocols label the analyte and the optical signal is generated by colorimetric, fluorescent or luminescent methods. Optical biosensors measure changes in a particular characteristic of light, coupled to changes linked to binding at the sensor surface by making use of the electromagnetic evanescent wave formed at the gold interface of the sensor chip surface. Optical biosensors exploit the so-called evanescent wave phenomenon. Evanescent waves are generated when polarized light hits a metal film under total internal reflection. When the entire reflection happens during a prism covered with a metal film, the reflected photons create an electrical field on the other side of the prism–metal interface. This field is called the evanescent field. When the energy of the photons is such they will interact with the electron constellations within the metal film (resonance), the photons are absorbed and converted into surface plasmons (oscillation of free electrons)

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