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Bovine Respiratory Disease-online-journals | Open Access Journals
Journal of Clinical Respiratory Diseases & Care: Open Access

Journal of Clinical Respiratory Diseases & Care: Open Access

ISSN: 2472-1247

Open Access
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Bovine Respiratory Disease-online-journals

Bovine respiratory illness (BRD) may be a multifactorial disease of welfare and economic significance to the feedlot industry globally. Bovine respiratory illness results from a mixture of environmental and physiological stressors before and upon feedlot entry like transportation, mixing of unfamiliar animals, and exposure to viral and bacterial agents1. Approximately 60–90% of the morbidity and mortality that happens in feedlots has been attributed to BRD2,3. The complex nature of BRD makes establishing a universal ‘gold standard’ for BRD problematic4. Current diagnosis methods believe subjective visual signs of illness, often combined with rectal temperature or lung auscultation to trigger antimicrobial treatment protocols5. These diagnosis methods have varying accuracy in diagnosing BRD and therefore the exploration of other diagnosis methods is warran.Metabolomics monitors alterations within the concentration of small metabolites in tissues and biofluids that include lipids, amino acids, vitamins and sugars9,10,11. These metabolites can provide an insight into the response to disease and may be used as biomarkers to point the presence of disease12,13. Metabolite biomarkers are routinely utilized in humans to screen for over 30 different disorders including diabetes and heart condition , where metabolic profiling has shown high accuracy for disease detection14,15. More recently, many advances within the field of NMR-based metabolomics are made16. Recent improvements include enhanced probe design17, higher field magnets and reduction in equipment size16, also as improved methods of identification and quantification18,19,20. These new developments have allowed for enhanced detection of lower concentration metabolites, increased speed of processing, simplification of the complexity of biofluids and more complete spectral assignments. New NMR techniques like selective optimized flip angle short transient (SOFAST) heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation (HMQC)21 and Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY)22 have decreased the time interval per sample and succeeded in overcoming issues with overlapping metabolite signals, allowing proper identification and quantification of metabolites.

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Citations: 86

Journal of Clinical Respiratory Diseases & Care: Open Access received 86 citations as per Google Scholar report

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