Clinical Infectious Diseases: Open Access

In the global pursuit of eradicating polio, considerable triumphs have been celebrated, yet formidable challenges persist on the path towards a polio-free world. Over the past few decades, substantial progress has been made in the eradication of polio. Successful vaccination campaigns, coupled with widespread public health initiatives, have led to a significant reduction in polio cases worldwide. Many countries that were once plagued by the disease have now been declared polio-free, showcasing the effectiveness of targeted vaccination efforts. One of the key triumphs in polio eradication has been the formation of global partnerships and collaborations. Organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, the Rotary Foundation and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have worked hand in hand with governments, nongovernmental organizations and local communities to implement comprehensive vaccination programs. These partnerships have played a crucial role in reaching remote and underserved areas, ensuring that every child receives the polio vaccine.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has been a topic of significant concern in recent years due to its potential for causing severe respiratory illness and its capacity for human-to-human transmission. To understand the intricacies of this virus, scientists have delved into the genetic makeup of MERS-CoV, seeking insights into its origins, evolution and ways to combat its spread. MERS-CoV belongs to the Coronaviridae family, the same family that includes other notorious viruses such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARSCoV) and more recently, SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The genome of MERS-CoV is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA molecule, comprising about 30,000 nucleotides. This genetic material encodes various structural and non-structural proteins essential for the virus’s survival and replication.

Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) has long been a formidable global health concern, prompting extensive research efforts to deepen our understanding of the virus and develop more effective strategies for prevention, diagnosis and treatment. The Ebola virus, notorious for its devastating outbreaks, has spurred significant advancements in science and technology to develop more effective treatments. Over the past few years, researchers and healthcare professionals have made substantial progress, leveraging cutting-edge innovations to combat the deadly virus. One of the most significant breakthroughs in Ebola treatment has been the development of vaccines that offer protection against the virus. Vaccines like rVSVZEBOV- GP have shown remarkable efficacy in clinical trials. This replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus-based vector has paved the way for preventive measures, offering hope for communities at risk.

Dengue fever stands as a formidable health menace, with its roots deeply embedded in the bites of mosquitoes. This viral illness, transmitted primarily by the Aedes mosquitoes, poses a significant global threat, affecting millions of people each year. Understanding the intricacies of Dengue fever, from its transmission to the impact on public health, is crucial in the ongoing battle against this mosquito-borne adversary. Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral infection, poses a significant global health threat, affecting millions of people annually. The disease is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, where the Aedes mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, serve as the vectors for the dengue virus.

In the intricate dance between host and pathogen, the immune system emerges as the unsung hero, orchestrating a complex and dynamic defense against invading microbes. Understanding the pivotal role of immune responses in host-pathogen interactions is not only fascinating from a scientific standpoint but is also imperative for the development of effective strategies in infectious disease management. At the heart of the battle against infectious diseases lies the intricate interplay between the host organism and invading pathogens. Pathogens, ranging from bacteria and viruses to fungi and parasites, constantly evolve to breach the host's defenses. In response, the host deploys a sophisticated immune system, comprising a network of cells, tissues and molecules, all working in harmony to recognize and eliminate the invaders.

Introduction: Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are community-acquired infections frequently encountered in hospitals. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of urinary tract infections among hospitalized patients in the internal medicine department of DTH-BA.

Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that systematically included all patients hospitalized for urinary tract infection from January 1^st, 2013 to December 31, 2022. Data on diagnosis, treatment and outcome were collected from patient’s medical records. A team of experts (infectiologist and microbiologist) assessed the quality of antibiotic therapy (justification, relevance of choice, appropriateness). This study was approved by the local biomedical research ethics committee of the University of Parakou. Data were analyzed using SigmaPlot 14.0 software.

Results: A total of 2876 records were analysed, with 183 cases of urinary tract infection, representing a frequency of urinary tract infection in hospitalized patients of 6.36%. The sex ratio was 0.74 and the mean age 40.55 ± 17.53 years. The most common symptoms were fever (134 cases; 73.22%), asthenia (93 cases; 50.82%) and urinary burning (82 cases; 44.81%). The diagnosis was pyelonephritis in 71 (38.80%) patients, acute cystitis in 68 (37.16%) patients and male urinary tract infection in 42 (22.95%) patients. Of 173 (94.54%) Urine Dipsticks (UD) performed, 159 (91.91%) were positive. A Urine Cytobacteriological Examination (UCE) was performed in 37 (20.22%) patients, 32 (86.49%) of them after initiation of antibiotic therapy. A germ was identified in 15 cases (40.54%). Escherichia coli was the most frequent germ (8 cases; 53.33%). In terms of treatment, 182 (99.45%) patients received probabilistic antibiotic therapy, with 133 (73.08%) patients receiving inappropriate management and 14 (93.33%) of the 15 who received an antibiotic susceptibility test being unsuitable. One hundred twenty-four (67.76%) patients were cured, 10 (5.46%) died and 49 (26.78%) were discharged against medical advice.

Conclusion: This study shows that urinary tract infections are managed with probabilistic and inappropriate antibiotics. This result should prompt the development of a protocol for the management of these infections, to ensure the correct use of antibiotics in this department.

Toxoplasmosis, a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, has long been associated with various health concerns. While pregnant women and individuals with compromised immune systems are typically warned about the risks, emerging research has shed light on a less well-known connection – the link between toxoplasmosis and neurological disorders. Toxoplasmosis, caused by the microscopic parasite Toxoplasma gondii, has long been recognized as a potential threat to human health. Beyond its more commonly known risks, recent research has unveiled a fascinating yet concerning aspect – its impact on neurological health. The intricate relationship between Toxoplasma gondii and the human brain, shedding light on the complexities of this "brain invader" and its potential consequences on neurological well-being.

Scabies, a skin infestation caused by the microscopic Sarcoptes scabiei mite, can be an uncomfortable and distressing condition. Scabies is primarily caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite, a tiny arachnid that burrows into the outer layer of the skin. The infestation occurs through direct, prolonged skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. Contrary to common belief, scabies is not solely associated with poor hygiene, as it can affect individuals of any socio-economic background. The hallmark symptom of scabies is relentless itching, often worsening at night. The itching is the body's allergic reaction to the mites, their eggs and their waste. Small, raised red bumps or pimple-like rashes may appear on the skin, especially in areas with thinner skin, such as between the fingers, wrists, elbows and genital region.

Syphilis, a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, has been a persistent and enigmatic health concern throughout history. This ancient malady has evolved from a mysterious and often deadly affliction to a condition that can be effectively treated with modern medicine. Despite advancements in medicine and the availability of effective treatments, syphilis remains a persistent threat. Syphilis has left an indelible mark on human history, with its origins and early spread being subjects of debate among historians. It is widely believed that syphilis was introduced to Europe from the New World after Christopher Columbus's voyages in the late 15^th century. The diseases sudden and devastating impact earned it names like the "Great Pox" and the "French Disease." Over the centuries, syphilis became a pervasive and stigmatized ailment that affected individuals from all walks of life.

Water, the elixir of life, is essential for human survival. However, lurking in the seemingly clear and pristine waters lies a microscopic threat - Cryptosporidium. This waterborne menace has become a growing concern for public health worldwide, demanding rigorous investigation and attention. Cryptosporidiosis is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium. This microscopic invader is particularly resilient, capable of surviving in various environments and resistant to standard water treatment methods. It spreads through the fecal-oral route, making contaminated water sources the primary mode of transmission. The consequences of Cryptosporidiosis on public health are far-reaching. The most vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly and individuals with weakened immune systems, are at a higher risk of severe illness. The symptoms range from watery diarrhea and abdominal cramps to dehydration, posing a significant threat to overall well-being.