Entrepreneurship & Organization Management

The study aims to examine impact of gender-specific causes and factors on women entrepreneurship in rural areas of Pakistan. A sample of 342 were drawn from rural areas of Pakistan, by using Yamane, taro formula. Both males and females were selected using simple random sampling. Data was collected through survey close-ended questionnaire and analysis was done with descriptive and multinomial logistic regression on SPSS. The results indicate that gender discrimination, lack of female education, and access to capital are positively related, and are the main causes for women entrepreneurship in rural areas of Pakistan, whereas, illiteracy, restrictions, inferior status, women’s role in decision making, early marriages, negligence of government, family support, culture and tradition and men’s hold on markets, are the main factors that hinder women to become entrepreneurs. The present study provides key support for individuals and women entrepreneurs through a supportive environment, provide advanced entrepreneurial opportunities, help them develop new businesses. It contributes to the existing body of knowledge by highlighting the important role of rural women in social and economic development in order to explore an opportunity structure for entrepreneurial women in rural areas of Pakistan.

Purpose: This study compares the perception of leadership style and its relationship to organizational commitment among ethnic minority (Native American) and non-minority employees within Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs). Design: Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze 262 survey responses based on data gathered through a demographic questionnaire, the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ 360 Form 5X Short) developed by Avolio and Bass (2004), and the Three-Component Model of Organizational Commitment from Meyer and Allen’s (1991) Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ). Each of the leadership styles were then included in multiple regressions against each of the organizational commitment subscales. Findings: The findings reveal a difference in relationship between perceived leadership style of the supervisor and continuance commitment of the subordinate among the ethnic minority and non-minority respondents. The minority respondents indicate a statistically significant negative relationship between leadership and continuance organizational commitment. Whereas, non-minority respondent indicates a non-significant relationship between leadership and continuance commitment. Originality/value: The study provides the first assessment between perceived leadership styles and organization commitment within the cross-cultural context of TCUs. This may be an incentive for training practices conducive to leadership styles which have a stronger relationship among different levels of employee commitment. More importantly, this paper helps bridge the gap between current researches on these variables in relation to a non-dominant societal perspective.

Financial performance of commercial banks dwells entirely on generated returns of assets from operations; loan portfolio falls as a critically valuable asset that unfortunately exposes the institution to financial risks. Commercial banks across the world have always embraced business process reengineering as a strategy to change on their business processes and procedures hence improve on their financial performance. Commercial banks in Kenya are faced by intense competition from money transfer platforms such as Mpesa. This study therefore sought to examine the effect of internet banking on financial performance of tier one Commercial banks in Kenya. The study adopted descriptive research design. The target population for this study was staff in Tier one Banks, with a keen aim on the business development managers within their headquarters in Nairobi. Census technique was used to incorporate the entire target population. The study used primary data. Data was collected by use of both structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The quantitative data was analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS Version 24 software. The study indicated that there is a positive significant relationship between internet banking and financial performance of tier one Commercial banks with a regression coefficient of 0.24. From the study the researcher recommended banks should enroll more service through internet banking this will encourage more customers to adopt internet banking .Commercial banks also need to emphasize the use of internet banking as this will enhance banks growth and customers saving on much time which they could have wasted on queues to be attended the traditional way.

Employee compensation after occupational accidents is a factor that influences employee and firm performance yet it has received limited attention among researchers and practitioners. Firms in Kenya are grappling with the sky rocketing cost of occupational health compensations considering a 30% annual growth rate in occupational accidents. The objective of the study was to establish the influence of occupational health compensation on the performance of firms. The main theoretical foundations were Equity Theory and General Adaptation Syndrome (Gas) Theory. The study was premised on Interpretivism and Positivism paradigms whereby Explanatory research design was used. The sample size was 414. Stratified and simple random sampling was used. Questionnaires, interview guide and document analysis were the main instrument of data collection. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Structural equation modeling using Warp PLS.v.5. The study findings showed occupational health compensation moderated by health and safety policy regulation influenced performance of firms at βeta coefficient 0.15, p=0.001<0.05 hence significant. Occupational health and safety policy regulation moderation was significant at β=-0.27, p=0.01<0.05. The study
contributes to theory by Universalistic consideration of occupational health and safety compensation shaped by the vertical integration of health and safety policy regulation as advanced by Contingency theory in explaining performance of firms.