Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering

The constructed drainage structure was expected to carry the design discharge which generated from the catchment area and dispose safely to the outlet points. The study has mainly focused to assessing current status of drainage system and evaluates the hydraulic performance of the drainage system. The rational methods have been used to calculate proposed discharge and HY-8 software used for culvert analysis. The current drainage status of the towns was poor, the road performance was reduced to deliver, the service life of the road reduced, and the cost for maintaining the road increased, the compression between the proposed and existed carrying capacity of drainage structures showed that the exist drainage structures are hydraulically insufficient. HY 8 result shows the existed culvert was hydraulically insufficient and 50-63.5% of the proposed peak discharge overtopped and flows on the road.

Greywater treatment and reuse is becoming a significant field of research in a worldwide context of increasing water shortage. In this study the banana peel biochar was used as an alternative to treat greywater. The purpose was to evaluate and compare the performances of biochar and sand in reducing turbidity, COD, N, and P. The biochar and sand were packed to a depth of 27 cm into vertical columns with a diameter of 7 cm. The columns were fed with synthetic and real greywater. Synthetic greywater was used for optimization of biochar particle size (Fine, Medium and Coarse) and pH. Real greywater was fed to the column by taking the optimum biochar particle size and pH and its performances were compared with sand. Fine particle size (FBC) of biochar showed more removal efficiency than medium and coarse sized particles. The results of the pH optimization showed that the highest treatment was achieved at pH value of 7. FBC showed better removal efficiency than sand, with the value of 96%, 71%, 85%, and 99% for turbidity, COD, N, and P respectively. The findings of this paper indicate that transformation of banana peel into biochar have a double advantage of treating greywater and minimizing the amount of waste that is disposed into the environment.