Journal of Bioanalysis & Biomedicine

Antibiotic resistance is an emerging problem in both developed and developing countries. It has been responsible for 700,000 deaths worldwide. Some genotypes of bacteria are sensitive to certain antibiotics than others. Hence by conducting phylogenetic analysis of bacteria and detecting the presence of resistance genes in each genotype, we can select the antibiotic that would be most effective for the bacteria in that certain genotype. A total of forty-five Salmonella species were investigated for the presence of antibiotic resistance genes through in silico PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification and PFGE (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) analysis was conducted to assess the phylogenetic relationship. Total twenty-eight antibiotic resistance genes were selected for screening the isolates and seventeen antibiotic resistance genes among the Salmonella strains were found. Almost all the isolates (n=43) exhibited PCR amplification product for gyrA genes while fluoroquinolone resistance gyrB (66.67%), parC (68.89%) and parE (15.56%) genes were also present. About 15.56% and 11.11% isolates were found to harbor adenylyltransferase gene, aadA1 and aadA2, respectively while phosphotransferase gene was detected in only one isolate. Two isolates expressed both chloramphenicol acetyltransferase genes, cat1 and cat2. Three isolates (6.67%) harbored chloramphenicol resistance gene cmlA gene while two isolates (4.44%) expressed florfenicol resistance gene, floR. Tetracycline resistance gene, tetA was more prevalent (8.89%) than tetG genes (2.22%). Salmonella harbored all three sulfonamide resistance genes while sulII was more prevalent (17.78%). Genotype 2 contained fifteen antibiotic resistance genes while genotype 3 contained only one antibiotic resistance genes. These investigations used a computer aided approach to genotype isolates and assess the difference in antibiotic resistance profile of Salmonella species based on genotype. This data helps to predict antibiotic resistance genes that might be present for an isolate of known genotype and select antibiotic for the treatment of Salmonella infections based on their phylogenetic group.

Campylobacter species is responsible for 400-500 million diarrhea cases worldwide every year. Emergence of antibiotic resistance has further complicated the scenario. A wide range of virulence factors and resistance genes are present in Campylobacter species and it is hypothesized there are genotypic variations in the prevalence of these genes. The study was conducted to investigate the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes as well as to investigate difference in prevalence rate based on genotype through in silico tools. Among 26 species studied, sixteen isolates (61.54%) had the cdtB gene that breaks the double helix bonds. The cdtA genes were detected in ten (38.46%) C. jejuni strains while fifty percent (n=13) isolates harbored the cdtC genes. Ten isolates that harboured all three adjacent cdt genes were most toxigenic. The lipo-oligosaccharides associated genes, cgtB and wlaN, responsible for β-1,3 galactosyltransferase production, were found in 7.69% and 30.77% of the isolates, respectively. About 57.69% isolates expressed waaC genes. Invasion protein ciaB, outer membrane phospholipase A pldA and IV secretory protein virB11 were found in 53.85%, 34.62% and 7.69% of the isolates, respectively. Six isolates (23.08%) expressed both tetO and tetA genes while one isolate expressed only tetA resistance gene. Seven isolates (26.92%) had changes in gyrB genes that conferred the fluoroquinolone resistance. In silico PFGE typing found that genotype 3 contained all the virulence genes except cgtB gene while genotype 3 and 4 contained mutated gyrB gene. Genotype 1 and 5 contained no virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. Our data helps to predict the possibility of the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes and helps to select appropriate antibiotic that are more efficacious.

Background: Tuberculosis is a life threatening disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. In developing countries the incidence of tuberculosis has been increasing steadily since the 1990s, particularly in African countries. Several European countries have lately reported a slight increase in tuberculosis, but these are mostly related to immigrants from high-incidence countries.
Objective: To assess the treatment outcomes of tuberculosis and its associated factors among tuberculosis patients on anti-tuberculosis therapy in Nekemte Referral Hospital, West Ethiopia.
Methods: A four years retrospective cross-sectional study was used and all patients’ information that fulfilled the inclusion criteria was retrieved from records of patients with basic information for all registered patients. We analyzed the records of 315 tuberculosis patients who had known outcome in Nekemte Referral Hospital from September 2012-August 2016.
Results: From the total of 315 patients who had known treatment out come in Nekemte Referral Hospital, tuberculosis type was categorized as smear positive pulmonary TB in 68(21.5%), smear negative pulmonary TB in 107(34.0%), and extra pulmonary in 140(44.4%) cases. Records of the 315 TB patients showed that 54(17.01%) were cured, 206(65.4%) completed treatment, 24(3.5%) had treatment failure, 11(3.5%) defaulted, 20(6.3%) were died. The overall treatment success rate of the TB patients was 82.5%. Age ≥ 45 years (AOR=7.1, 95% CI=1.5-34.3, p=0.014), smear negative PTB (AOR=3.4, 95%, CI=1.5-9.5, P=0.023) and retreatment cases (AOR=12.0, 95%, CI=4.2-34.4, P<0.001) were significantly associated with unsuccessful treatment outcome.
Conclusion: Successful treatment outcome of TB patients was below standard. To improve treatment outcome among TB patients health education on the importance of TB treatment and the consequences of poorly treated TB have to be provided to patients during their follow up.

The main aim of this study is providing of Mentha longifolia L essential oil emulsion loaded with omega 3 fatty acids and optimization by polyaniline (PANI) nano-fiber/gas chromatography (PANI-F/GC). The head space solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method by polyaniline nanofibers was used to extract released essential oils of emulsion. The effects of four factors, including omega 3 percent, surfactant-to-oil ratio (SOR%), surfactant type (TWEEN 20, 80 and caseinate sodium) and storage time on the encapsulation efficiency, and essential oil chromatographic characteristics including total peak number, total peak area and total peak height were studied. The Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to design experiments and study the effects of four factors on the responses and P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Desirability function (D) was used for determination of optimum condition. Results showed that all four factors affected GC profile, essential oil release and encapsulation efficiency. According to the results the emulsion has the best release power on the condition: Omega 3 (%); 25, Storage Time (day); 60, SOR (%); 193.33 and Surfactant type; T80 where the total peak number was 3, total peak area: 407, total peak height: 77 and encapsulation efficiency was 75%.