Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a viral infection that attacks the immune system, compromising its ability to fight off infections and diseases. HIV can be transmitted through bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and breast milk, and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) if left untreated. HIV status refers to a person's current state of infection with HIV, including whether they have tested positive or negative for the virus, their stage of infection, and their viral load.Testing for HIV is an essential component of HIV prevention and treatment efforts. Early detection and treatment of HIV can significantly improve health outcomes and prevent the transmission of the virus to others.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a viral infection that attacks the immune system, making it difficult for the body to fight off infections and diseases. Early detection of HIV is essential to prevent the virus from causing significant harm to the immune system and to prevent the transmission of the virus to others. Advances in HIV diagnosis have made it easier to detect HIV early and accurately, improving treatment outcomes and reducing the spread of the virus.Traditional HIV diagnostic tests rely on the detection of HIV antibodies in the blood. Antibodies are proteins that the body produces in response to an infection, and their presence in the blood indicates exposure to the virus.

HIV superinfection is a phenomenon where an individual who is already infected with one strain of HIV gets infected with another strain of the virus. This can happen when a person engages in unprotected sex with an HIVpositive partner who has a different strain of the virus, or when a person shares needles with someone who is infected with a different strain of the virus. HIV superinfection is relatively rare, but it can have serious consequences for the health of those affected. Superinfection occurs when an HIV-positive individual is exposed to a different strain of the virus.

The objective of this study is to comprehend how medical staff interacts with patients who have been diagnosed with HIV. Data collection took place between 2020 and 2021 as part of the study methodology for this analysis, which used the constructivist approach of grounded theory. By the analysis of the in-depth interviews, the core category, "Revealing the relationship between the professional and the person at the time of the positive result for HIV/AIDS," was developed. The patient's care, bonding, acceptance, and adherence to the recommended course of treatment are all impacted by the nurse's proximity to the patient in terms of their sentiments and behaviours.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, making it difficult for the body to fight off infections and diseases. Over the past few decades, significant advances have been made in understanding the biology of HIV, developing new treatments, and improving outcomes for people living with the virus. Here are some of the advances in HIV research and treatment. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a combination of drugs that suppress the replication of HIV in the body. ART is the cornerstone of HIV treatment and can significantly reduce the amount of virus in the blood, improving the immune system and reducing the risk of AIDS-related illnesses. ART is highly effective and has transformed HIV from a deadly disease to a manageable chronic condition. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a medication that is taken daily to prevent HIV infection. PrEP is highly effective when taken as prescribed and can reduce the risk of HIV infection by up to 99%. PrEP is recommended for people who are at high risk of HIV infection, including men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, and people in serodiscordant relationships (where one partner is HIV-positive and the other is HIV-negative). Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is a medication that is taken after exposure to HIV to prevent infection. PEP is recommended for people who have had a potential exposure to HIV, such as through unprotected sex or needle-sharing.

Background: In Sub-Sahara Africa, young people aged between 15 and 24 years are disproportionately affected by the HIV pandemic and represent a growing population in need of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services. Several theory-based HIV prevention interventions have been developed and implemented to reduce the risk of HIV infection transmission among young people and enhance positive sexual behaviours. However, there are few evidence syntheses that highlight the role of theory-based HIV and sexual health interventions in enhancing positive sexual behaviours among young people in Sub-Saharan Africa. This review aims to map evidence on the role of theory-based HIV prevention intervention in enhancing positive sexual behaviour outcomes and reducing risk factors among young people aged 10 -24 years of age in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods: This scoping review will adopt the methodological framework of Arksey and O’Malley. We will identify several databases which will include PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), ProQuest One Academic, Web of Science, and Google scholar. We will search for relevant studies from 2012 onwards, written in English, and conducted in the SSA region. We will adopt a two-stage process where two independent reviewers will screen the titles and abstracts for eligibility after which they will carry out data extraction and analysis through an iterative process. This will be followed by a full-text screening of the articles from the selected titles and abstracts.

Discussion: Results from this scoping review can inform policy changes and guide future HIV programme developers to develop and implement effective theory-based HIV interventions among young people in SSA. It can provide insights on how theories can be combined to address complex behavioural characteristics. Importantly, the review will act as a backdrop to many theory-based HIV interventions that seek to integrate the positive youth development approach in existing HIV prevention programmes.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has emerged as a powerful tool in the field of biomedical engineering and has revolutionized the understanding of fluid dynamics within the human body. The respiratory system, in particular, poses unique challenges due to the complex airflow patterns and associated acoustics. This article explores the application of CFD in assessing flow-induced acoustics to diagnose various lung conditions. By simulating airflow and acoustic phenomena, CFD provides valuable insights into respiratory disorders, improving diagnosis, and facilitating the development of personalized treatment strategies.