The study of heat, work, and temperature, as well as their relationships, in large systems typically restricted to equilibrium or near equilibrium states is an essential subfield of physics known as classical thermodynamics. On the other hand, the majority of natural systems are not in thermodynamic equilibrium, or states that are not in equilibrium. Although nonequilibrium thermodynamics was developed more than a century ago to comprehend nonequilibrium phenomena like the measure of irreversibility, it is still a work in progress rather than a well-established field.
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