The Regulation of Hazards and Extreme Events by Soils

Eric Hall^*
*Correspondence: Eric Hall, Department of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA, Email:

Introduction

In this review, we show how the eco-design framework came to be and talk about how ecotoxicology can be used to make ecosafe ENMs for cleaning up the environment. In addition, we provide a critical analysis of the ENMs that are currently available for the remediation of the marine environment. We also discuss the benefits and drawbacks of these ENMs for safe environmental applications and the need to strike a balance between benefits and risks in order to advance ecosafe nanoremediation in the future. Altgeld Gardens is in a "toxic doughnut" that is surrounded by landfills as well as facilities that are toxic and dangerous. Residents have called for a community-based environmental health assessment to improve their community's overall health due to the high rates of environmental-related conditions [1,2].

Description

Numerous fatalities and significant financial losses are the result of natural disasters and extreme events each year. Including epidemics, natural hazardrelated disasters were responsible for the deaths of over 3.4 million people worldwide between 1970 and 2019 and the number of people negatively impacted by natural hazard-related disasters tripled between the 1970s and the 2010s. The development of systems that are capable of anticipating ENM interactions with biological systems and their overall impact on the environment and human health is crucial. Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) tools have been used to investigate ENMs' potential impact on the environment up until this point, from the creation of raw materials to their final disposal. Hazardous releases caused by disasters can be just as difficult to clean up as the original site cleanup, particularly in densely populated areas. In a similar vein, exposing contaminated sites to natural hazards can make it more likely that the site will face problems in the future. The co-occurrence of 12 separate natural hazards and Superfund sites is the focus of this manuscript. They determined the hazards' joint return period and vulnerability surface in the Yangtze River Delta region. The Copula method, which can be used to calculate the joint return period for more than two hazards, was used to obtain the hazards' rainfall and wind joint return periods. Due to a lack of data on disaster losses, the vulnerability curve is difficult to obtain and the calculation process is extremely complicated [3].

However, the exceedance probabilities of losses and the joint probabilities of hazard occurrence are not taken into account. As a result, these two methods are typically qualitative or semi-quantitative in nature and their findings can only be used to compare risks at the regional level. One of the first developments of public housing in the United States, Altgeld was originally constructed to house black veterans from World War II. The most landfills per square mile in the United States surround the development, which was built on an abandoned waste site. For a number of years, residents have voiced their concerns, including those regarding soil contamination, which many people use for local gardening. Over 3.5 million pounds of toxic waste were released by the region's facilities in 2011, accounting for almost 30% of all toxic releases in Cook County, Illinois [4].

Carried out a quantitative risk assessment of a number of potential dangers that could result in the loss of crops as a result of wind and rain to determine the absolute risk. A higher death rate in countries with a low socio-demographic index value following high impact hazard events is evidence that vulnerable socioeconomic populations are typically the most adversely affected. In recent years, the use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in environmental remediation gained increasing attention. ENMs have the potential to efficiently and more effectively remove pollutants from environmental matrices than conventional methods due to their large surface area and high reactivity. However, their fate and safety following application in the environment, which may be connected to their release into the environment, are largely unknown. This can also result in the release of toxic or hazardous materials [5].

Conclusion

The Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences61 provided the Wildfire Fires in Australia's Forests 2011–16 (2018) dataset. It includes data from multiple fire area datasets provided by state and territory government agencies on the extent and frequency of planned and unplanned fires that occurred in the five fiscal years from July 2011 to June 2016. Using the "reclassify" function in ArcGIS Pro 2.8, which is based on the equal interval method, this fire dataset was reclassified to three levels of risks. The key attribute "TOTAL_X_BURNT" indicates the number of times burned in each cell (originally ranging from 0 to 5).

Acknowledgment

None.

Conflict of Interest

There are no conflicts of interest by author.

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