Since the 1970s industrial membrane separation technology has developed into a US$1–2 billion per annum business. The market for these two biomedical applications is another US$2×109 per year. Further membrane separation applications, including membrane contactors, membrane reactors and paired and facilitated transport, are under development. A brief overview of every process is given here; more detailed descriptions of the individual processes are given elsewhere within the encyclopedia. The foundations of membrane structural design are the choice , improvement, and synthesis of membrane materials and therefore the membrane preparation methods. Membrane separations find many applications because they need many advantages like cost effectiveness, easy operation and a high pre-concentration factor with a high degree of selectivity. The pre-concentration is beneficial for determining the metal ions present at concentrations much less than the detection limit of a specific instrument. Pre-concentration related to selectivity helps eliminate interference of matrix elements. Membrane separations also are used for treatment of huge volumes of low-level radioactive effluents generated at the varied stages of fuel reprocessing within the nuclear industry. A membrane is often defined as a heterogeneous phase, which acts as a barrier to the flow of molecules and ionic species in liquid or vapour phases. If one component of the mixture travels faster in the membrane, a separation can be achieved. Based on their nature, heterogeneous barrier membranes can be classified into solid and liquid membrane. Synthesis of latest membrane materials and modification of existing membrane materials are often employed to develop membranes with higher performance. In addition, separation membranes can also be significantly altered by surface modification techniques. There are two general types of surface modification techniques: chemical or physical modification. In the case of chemical treatment, the separation membranes are contacted with a chemical agent, solvent, coupling agent, vapor, surface-active agent, surface grafting, or other additives. Synthesis of latest membrane materials and modification of existing membrane materials are often employed to develop membranes with higher performance. In addition, separation membranes can also be significantly altered by surface modification techniques.
Research Article: Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review
Research Article: Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review
Research Article: Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review
Research Article: Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review
Research Article: Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review
Research Article: Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review
Research Article: Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review
Research Article: Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review
Research Article: Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review
Research Article: Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review
Research Article: Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review
Research Article: Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review
Research Article: Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review
Research Article: Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review
Spanish 
Chinese 
Russian 
German 
French 
Japanese 
Portuguese 
Hindi 
