DOI: 10.37421/2684-4265.2023.7.257
Introduction: Primary tumours associated with nerve cells are exceptionally rare whereupon the majority of these tumours present as benign. Neurons develop oncogenic mutations less than their supporting neuroglias which are transformed into glioma tumours.
Methods and materials: Using a multi-faceted approach, search strategies were generated using specific keywords and performed on selected scientific databases. Literature searches were performed and a shortlist of seven publications was generated following a strict criteria based selection process.
Results: Reduced number of proliferating cells: Early cell cycle exit results in the inability for nerve cells to regenerate as well as preventing malignancies from developing as no DNA is required to replicate. Additionally, post-mitotic Neurons have the ability to re-enter the cell cycle without producing two daughter cells to repair damaged DNA.
Tumour suppressor proteins: A high abundancy of PTEN and TP53 are present in the CNS and PNS (higher than most other areas of the body). These act as protective mechanisms for detection of damaged DNA to mark cells for immediate apoptosis.
Inhospitable environment created by the lymphatic system: An extensive network of lymphatic vessels channel tumour cell dissemination to cervical lymph nodes. This stimulates immune responses by the high abundancy of dendritic cells and the destruction of tumour cells.
Immunity in the nervous system: Natural Killer (NK) cells, seen in high abundancy in the CNS, are the most effective response factors against tumours and viral infections. NK cells express a large range of cellular receptors to tumour ligands which stimulates NK mediated cytotoxicity.
Hereditary: Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Cowden syndrome and neurofibromatosis 1 syndrome represent three genetic conditions with associated high risks of developing tumors such as glioblastoma, schwannoma and astrocytoma.
Geographic location: There is a correlation between countries with high Human Development Index (HDI) and the incidence and mortality of brain tumors.
Conclusions and future directions: Mutations are rare in nerve cells due to their inability to proliferate and regenerate. Mutated nerve cells are marked for DNA damage repair or apoptosis preventing passing on of oncogenic mutations. The high abundancy and range of immune cells surveilling the nervous system and lymphatic system mark cancerous growths for degradation. Germline mutations account for a small proportion of nerve cell tumors.
Junaid Jabbar, Razia Kausar*, Aimen Sabir, Huma Jamil and Zubair Luqman
Gallus gallus or chickens, are birds commonly consumed by people and are found in assemblages on regular basis. They are being domesticated for decades and constitutes about 90% of total poultry population. This study was designed with intent to determine osteometric parameters of selected long bones of cranial and caudal appendicular skeleton in both male and female groups of domestic backyard poultry breeds of Pakistan. Chickens were reared in a scavenging environment with zero external input for six months (~26 weeks). Bone length, breadth and weight was assessed. Aseel reigned over all studied groups of male and female with statistically significant higher length, breadth and weight in most of the selected bones with mean (± SEM) length (cm) of humerus (8.19 ± 0.11), radius (7.47 ± 0.06), ulna (8.26 ± 0.09), femur (8.23 ± 0.08), tibia (13.46 ± 0.19), metatarsals (8.68 ± 0.05) and weight (g) of humerus (4.81 ± 0.24), radius (0.97 ± 0.05), ulna (2.64 ± 0.06), femur (6.30 ± 0.37) and tibia (8.49 ± 0.41) in male studied groups while length (cm) of humerus (7.92 ± 0.02), radius (6.96 ± 0.01), ulna (7.42 ± 0.04), femur (8.76 ± 0.06), tibia (12.34 ± 0.01), metatarsals (8.47 ± 0.01) and weight (g) of humerus (3.46 ± 0.02), radius (0.69 ± 0.01) and femur (4.18 ± 0.05) in female groups. Naked neck exhibited lowest length (cm) of humerus (2.43 ± 0.11), ulna (0.59 ± 0.02), femur (7.64 ± 0.13), tibia (11.12 ± 0.25), metatarsals (7.67 ± 0.19) and lowest weight (g) of humerus (2.43 ± 0.11), radius (0.59 ± 0.02), ulna (1.56 ± 0.06), femur (2.65 ± 0.27), and tibia (3.67 ± 0.36) among male groups. Such osteometric data values are helpful in taxonomic and zooarchaeological studies as well.
Journal of Morphology and Anatomy received 63 citations as per Google Scholar report
Spanish 
Chinese 
Russian 
German 
French 
Japanese 
Portuguese 
Hindi 