Veterinary Science & Technology

Cestode studies carry out in China for about 80 years since the earliest paper published by Shen Tseng and after then a lot of works have been done and there comes many good results as total about 400 species with many new were reported and described. All the works have been reviewed here by author and it is known that a big work called “Cestodology” will be published the next year.

The use of the GnRH analogue buserelin administered in mid dioestrus has been shown to increase early pregnancy rate, reduce embryo loss and increase litter size in several species. The mechanism by which this works is unclear and may differ between species. In cattle it is believed that buserelin, by reducing oestrogen concentrations, causes the development of endometrial oxytocin receptors to be delayed. Luteal oxytocin binds with these receptors to promote the formation and secretion of prostaglandin. Any delay in the release of PGF2α would allow an underdeveloped embryo extra time to produce and release the maternal recognition of pregnancy signal, which might otherwise be lost following luteolysis. This may also be the mechanism in sheep and pigs although an increase in progesterone concentrations could also be important. However in the mare, following buserelin administration at 9 or 10 days after the detection of ovulation, pregnancy rates are already increased by 12-13 days compared with untreated controls, i.e. before the time of luteolysis, without any change in progesterone concentrations. In addition to an increased pregnancy rate, the twin embryo rate is also increased and subsequent embryo loss rate reduced. The possible mechanisms by which this may result in the mare are discussed.

A haematological study was carried out in domestic cats native to Nigeria, in Maiduguri, north-eastern Nigeria. The aim was to determine the blood types in this specie (AB blood system) using the CHROM method which is based on immunochromatograhic diffusion of RBC’s passing through monoclonal antibody containing strips (Alvedia Quick test kit). Fifty cats were sampled and analysed. The result showed that cats with blood type A were the most common with a rate of 44/50(88%), followed by type B 6/50 (12%). Of all the cats sampled, none had blood type AB. This study documents the first record of blood types in cats in Nigeria. The knowledge of the blood group of the domestic cats has significant clinical implications in terms of transfusion medicine as well as for breeding purposes.

A scanning electron microscopic study was undertaken to assess, for the first time, whether Allium sativum oil (ASO) extract had any effect on helminthes’ body surface following 24 h incubation in vitro. Two species of gastrointestinal helminthes, of most economic significance in sheep, Haemonchus contortus and Moniezia expansa were collected from naturally infected sheep slaughtered in Cairo abattoir, then exposed to 10, 50, 100 μg/ml ASO. The body surface of these helminthes was observed to be affected and altered by ASO. These changes were concentration dependent, and consisted of destructive alterations and deformity in the cuticle of H. contortus and also in the tegumental architecture of M. expansa. The current study confirmed that an alternative, effective and natural anthelmintic could be developed using garlic.

The lacrimal gland is an important part of lacrimal apparatus that plays an essential role in eye health. In this research, anatomical and histological structures of lacrimal glands of Lori sheep were evaluated. For this purpose, thirty healthy and mature Lori sheep were selected in slaughter house and then lacrimal glands removed. After anatomical and biometrical evaluation, lacrimal glands were fixed and processed for histological sectioning and then sections stained with H&E, Alcian blue and Periodic acid Schiff methods. The results showed that in this species the lacrimal gland lies in dorso-lateral aspect of orbit on the eyeball. The lacrimal gland is surrounded with a connective tissue containing adipose tissue. The gland shows an irregular-rounded to oval shape and pale brown in color. The mean weight, length, width and thickness of the gland were 1.48 ± 0.3 gr, 26.98 ± 0.37 mm, 20.11 ± 0.31 mm and 3.58 ± 0.7 mm, respectively. Histological examinations revealed that the lacrimal gland is lobulated and cells of parenchyme are mixed including serous and mucous cells. Intralobular, interlobular and excretion ducts of the gland are lined with cuboidal, stratified cuboidal and pseudo stratified columnar epithelium, correspondingly. In some ducts goblet cells are present among epithelial cells.

Purpose: To investigate species differences in the distribution and localization of alpha B-crystallin (ABC) in the normal retina and optic nerve head region, and to describe changes during outer and inner retina degeneration.

Material and methods: Animals studied included mice, rats, cats, pigs, cows, and monkeys. Sections of the optic nerve and central retina were labeled with antibodies against ABC and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).

Results: ABC was located in astrocytes and Muller cells with different intensities. During outer retina degeneration (dystrophic rat and Abyssinian cat), only late stages showed an increase in ABC in the retina and optic nerve head. Inner retina degeneration in the glaucoma mouse model showed no increase of ABC. In the monkey glaucoma model, only the innermost layer of the optic nerve head showed increased labeling for ABC.

Conclusions: The distribution of ABC is species dependent and is (excluding the mouse) present in the nerve fiber layer of the retina and in the optic nerve head (localization of astrocytes). Chronic retinal degeneration does not necessarily lead to an over-expression of ABC. While in outer retinal degeneration induction was predominantly present in late stages, pressure-induced glaucoma led to a specific increase in ABC already in early stages indicating a local stress-response in this region.

A study was conducted on 393 apparently healthy exotic and local chickens reared at different management systems in eastern Ethiopia in order to determine the sero-prevalence of Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum. To achieve this objective, blood samples were collected and the expressed sera were used from the selected chickens for antibody detection. The samples were from Haramaya University (309 chickens) and Dire Dawa (84 chickens). Subsequently, serum slide agglutination test was employed. Based on this, the overall prevalence of Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum was 125/393 (31.8%). The prevalence of each farm was 95 (30.7%) Haramaya University farm, 13 (32.5%) Dire Dawa University farm and 17 (38.6%) local breeds of Dire Dawa. Moreover, the study has recorded higher prevalence in back yard chickens as compared to chickens reared at intensive farms. However, associated risk factors have not been found statistically significant at (P value < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study revealed Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum were prevalent in both production systems. Therefore, further epidemiological investigations on these pathogens and implementation of control measures are mandatory.

Cutaneous myiasis caused by the Chrysomya bezziana in Asian and African countries is common in wild and domestic mammals. A herd of Persian fallow deer (n=80, consisting of adult and young male and female animals) with an average age range of 3 months to 6 years was viewed. Observed were 40 deaths putting the heard near to extinction. The animals were found with traumatic cutaneous wounds mostly in one ear, the eyes and head as well as the ventral part of the neck. The ears were necrotised and could no longer remain upright; the wounds were full of maggots of different sizes and stages of development. Based on morphological features, the collected larvae were examined by a central Khuzestan veterinary laboratory and identified as C. bezziana larvae. This is the first ever occurrence of C. bezziana that caused such a population reduction of these wonderful animals in a herd of Persian fallow deer held under the supervision of Iranian Nature Preservation Organization and kept at Helveh Park in Shush county (East-South of Iran) where original ecology and its treatment and control of myiasis have been discussed. This paper is apparently the first report of an infestation of cutaneous myiasis due to C. bezziana in Persian fallow deer. Also we report high infestation Rhipicephalus microplus as an important ectoparasite of these Persian fallow deer that has been never discussed before.

Joint visco supplementation is widely used in the sport horse industry, commonly utilizing hyaluronan. Similar to hyaluronan, the carbomer molecule has bioadhesive and viscoelastic properties, and has been 15 studied for use in human medicine. Carbomers are generally inert biologically, non-irritating, and have been used in humans as injectable depots for time-release medications. Our objective was to describe the outcome of intra-articular viscosupplementation with carbomer in four horses. Four healthy adult mares participated in this study. Baseline lameness examinations, aseptic arthrocenteses and synovial fluid analyses were performed. Three mL of 3% carbomer was then 20 injected into each left middle carpal joint. Lameness evaluations were repeated daily for each horse for ten days post-injection or until the time of euthanasia. At euthanasia, synovial fluid analyses were repeated on the left middle carpal joint. Samples of synovium from the left middle carpal joints were submitted for histopathology. Articular cartilage of the third carpal bone including subchondral bone was submitted for histology and confocal microscopy. 25 Carbomer viscosupplementation of the middle carpal joint caused severe lameness in 3 /4 mares. The fourth mare developed moderate lameness after injection. Confocal microscopy was negative for cartilaginous defects. Histology of all treated samples revealed varying degrees of small cell inflammatory infiltrate into the subsynovia. With no abnormal findings in samples of cartilage or subchondral bone, lameness is attributable to 30 severe synovitis, which is consistent with histologic findings of synovium in all cases. The current formulation of carbomer is therefore not suitable for intra-articular viscosupplementation in horses.

Essential trace elements, chromium (Cr+3) as well as selenium (Se+4) and (Se-2) exhibits stimulatory effect on β-oxidation of fatty acids, especially after supplementation with carnitine. Presented results allowed to conclude, that the trace elements ions modify the activity of the transport of fatty acids across the mitochondrial membranes. It seems that the limiting step of this process is the activity of carnitine-palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1), which is responsible for transport of substrate across the external membrane. In this process selenium ions (Se+4) and (Se-2) are more active than chromium (Cr+4). In all studied combinations of ions the activity of carnitine-palmitoyl transferase -2 (CPT-2) remains almost unchanged. Only small stimulatory effect was observed in combination of Cr and Se ions, but in these variants inhibitory effect on CPT-1 occur.