Journal of Textile Science & Engineering

Fabrics with flame-retardant finishes play a vital role in enhancing the safety and protection offered by textile materials. These finishes are designed to inhibit or delay the spread of flames, reducing the risk of injury or property damage in fire-related incidents. Flame retardant finishes are widely used in various industries, including protective clothing, furnishings, automotive interiors, and aerospace applications. One of the key objectives of Fabrics with flame-retardant finishes is to create a barrier between the textile material and the ignition source. This barrier prevents or hinders the transfer of heat, fuel, and oxygen, which are necessary for combustion to occur. By impeding the combustion process, these finishes help to slow down the spread of flames, limit the release of toxic gases, and reduce the intensity of heat generated during a fire. There are different types of flame retardant finishes available for textiles, and they can be categorized into two main groups: inherent and applied finishes. Inherent flame retardant textiles are made from fibers that possess natural flame-resistant properties, such as aramid, modacrylic, or certain types of wool. These fibers have built-in flame retardancy and do not require additional chemical treatments.

The determination of inert Chemical Oxygen Demand from different dyestuffs used in textile industries is essential for assessing the overall environmental impact of textile dyeing processes. Inert COD refers to the portion of COD that does not contribute to the biodegradability of the dye and remains non-biodegradable or recalcitrant. It provides valuable insights into the persistence and potential long-term effects of dyestuffs in wastewater treatment systems and the environment. To determine the inert COD from different dyestuffs, several analytical methods can be employed. One commonly used method is the measurement of COD before and after the biodegradation process. The difference between the initial COD and the COD remaining after biodegradation represents the inert COD fraction. This can be achieved through laboratory-scale batch tests or continuous-flow systems, where dyestuffs are subjected to specific environmental conditions and monitored for COD changes over time. Another approach is the use of advanced analytical techniques, such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). This allows for the identification and quantification of specific chemical compounds in dyestuffs, including those that contribute to the inert COD fraction. By analyzing the chemical composition of dyestuffs, it becomes possible to determine their potential recalcitrant components and assess their environmental persistence.

This paper presents equilibrium dyeing which is important in the dyeing process. The paper gives more emphasis on the dyeing equilibrium which is the position of sorption versus desorption after infinite time. In dyeing process, the investigation of the equilibrium dye distribution between the dye bath and the substrate is very important. The thermodynamics of dyeing of different textile fibers with their respective dyes type were discussed. Furthermore the three major types of dyeing adsorption isotherms, which are Nernst, Langmuir and Freundlich and the various dye/fibre systems correspond to one of these types. The most important thermodynamic parameters such as affinity, heat of dyeing and entropy of change which is determined at equilibrium have been also discussed. These values are useful in interpreting the driving force for dyeing processes and therefore provide a means for understanding what causes dye to transfer preferentially from the dye liquor into the fibre.

The textile printing techniques have been on the verge of their evolutions since the inception of biotechnological processes in textiles. In this context, the nanoenzymes play a crucial role and that has been furthermore triggered by the advancement in biochemical manufacturing, processes, methodological approaches like bioprinting and other biotech operations. These latest processes showing high quality ecological printings in the domain of textile printing. This chapter deals with all the modern information, techniques and smart printing concepts which are based on biotechnology in the domain of textile manufacturing and chemical printing arena. It also discusses about the various latest printing technology such as importance of biotechnology in textile printing, enzymatic biotechnological printing process, digital textile printing via biotechnological progress, membrane Biological Activated Carbon (BAC) based printing, oligomer based biotechnology, application of polyaromatic hydrocarbon remediation and anti-biofouling from surfaces using nanoenzymes and other applications of nanoenzymes in textiles.